Preface

With the rapid development of science and technology and the increasingly expanding areas between interdisciplinary and interdisciplinary, it makes mining industry enterprises develop from production technology to management technology. Therefore, for the students of geology, measurement, electromechanical and other majors related to mining, it is required that they not only understand the knowledge structure and knowledge system of the major, but also understand the method, process and technology of mineral deposit.

Mineral resource is basic and strategic for living and development of human society. In our country, above 95% energy and 80% raw materials come from mineral resource.

With the development of economy, the ascertained high-quality mineral resource is nearly exhausted. It not only makes China face the crisis of serious shortage of total supply of non-ferrous materials, but also challenges the traditional geology, mining, beneficiation, metallurgy, materials, processing, environment and other science and technology after the complex low-grade ore resources or secondary resources that are "difficult to explore, difficult to mine, difficult to concentrate and difficult to smelt" gradually become the main raw materials. The low quality of resources will make China's non-ferrous metal industry and related industries face the crisis of survival competition. The development of China's nonferrous metal industry urgently needs new theories and new technologies that adapt to the characteristics of China's resources. The publication of non-ferrous metal science and technology books with complete system, leading level and mutual integration plays an important role in improving the independent innovation ability of China's non-ferrous metal industry, promoting the application of new theories and technologies with high efficiency, low consumption, no pollution and comprehensive utilization of non-ferrous metal resources, and ensuring the sustainable development of China's non-ferrous metal industry.

With the progress of science and technology and the renewal of people's understanding of the utilization of the earth's material resources, the number of mineable minerals will continue to increase, and the development of industry, agriculture and social economy will demand more and more mineral resources and rely on them more and more.

As the carrier of mineral resources, mines have made great contribution to the development of national economy. At the same time, the extensive development mode of some mines at the expense of environment has also brought serious environmental problems, which make mines bear too much environmental pressure. Mine environmental problems are mainly manifested in the impact on the mine water environment, atmospheric environment, acoustic environment and ecological environment, especially on the ecological environment. The impact of mineral development on the environment is all-round.

Due to the limitation of the editor's level, we sincerely hope that readers will criticize and make suggestions on the mistakes and inadequacies of this book. Thank you very much.

前言

科学技术的进步日新月异，学科间、专业间的交叉范围日益扩大，这使得采矿工业企业由生产技术型向管理技术型发展，因此，对与采矿专业相关的地质、测量、机电等专业的学生，要求其不仅要了解本专业的知识结构和知识体系，还要了解采矿专业矿床的开采方法、工艺和技术。

矿产资源是人类社会赖以生存和发展的基础战略资源，我国95%的能源和80%以上的原材料均来自矿产资源。

随着经济的发展，已探明的优质矿产资源接近枯竭，不仅使我国面临有色金属材料总量供应严重短缺的危机，而且因为“难探、难采、难选、难冶”的复杂低品位矿石资源或二次资源逐步成为主体原料后，对传统的地质、采矿、选矿、冶金、材料、加工、环境等科学技术提出了巨大挑战。资源的低质化将会使我国有色金属工业及相关产业面临生存竞争的危机。我国有色金属工业的发展迫切需要适应我国资源特点的新理论、新技术。系统完整、水平领先和相互融合的有色金属科技图书的出版，对于提高我国有色金属工业的自主创新能力，促进高效、低耗、无污染、综合利用有色金属资源的新理论与新技术的应用，确保我国有色金属产业的可持续发展，具有重大的推动作用。

随着科技进步和人们对地球物质可资源化利用认识的更新，可开采矿种将不断增加，工、农业和社会经济的发展对矿产资源的需求量将越来越大,对其依赖性也越来越强。

矿山作为矿产资源的载体，在其矿业生产对我国国民经济发展做出重大贡献的同时，一些矿山粗放的、以牺牲环境为代价的开发方式，也带来了严重的矿山环境问题，使矿山承受了太多的环境压力。矿山环境问题主要表现在对矿山水环境、大气环境、声环境和生态环境的影响，尤其是对生态环境的影响。矿产开发对环境的影响是全方位的。

由于编者的水平所限，诚挚地希望读者对本书的错误和不妥之处提出批评与建议，在此表示衷心的感谢！