Preface

The formwork and supporting system must meet the following requirements: to ensure the accuracy of the shape, size and mutual position of the structure and components, to have sufficient bearing capacity, stiffness and stability, to make the structure as simple as possible, easy to install and dismantle, and to be used repeatedly, to make the joints tight without leakage; to make the material selection of the formwork economical and applicable, and to reduce the construction cost of the formwork as much as possible. Wood formwork was first used as a formwork engineering material. The main advantage of the small formwork is that it can be assembled freely, and it is especially suitable for pouring concrete structures or components with complex shapes and few quantities. Since the technical policy of “replacing wood with steel” was put forward in 1970s, China’s formwork technology has formed three series of industrialized formwork systems of modular, instrumental, and permanent.

Prefabricated reinforced concrete frame structure is one of the common structures of multi-storey factory buildings and civil buildings. This kind of prefabricated building is composed of reinforced concrete prefabricated components to form the main skeleton structure, and then assembled with fixed assembly parts, which are divided into maintenance, separation, decoration and equipment installation. The prefabricated frame structure mainly has two structural forms: beam plate structure and non beam structure. The beam-slab structure is composed of columns, beams (including primary beams and

secondary beams) and floor slabs. The non beam structure is composed of columns, column caps and slabs, which are mostly constructed by lifting slab method. Assembly buildings have a long history in China. After all, Chinese traditional buildings are basically wooden structures. From the slave society, China has had wooden structures, and wooden structures are the original origins of prefabricated buildings. The construction of Chinese wooden structures is divided into component manufacturing sites (factories) and building assembly sites (work sites). All building components are manufactured in the factory. The manufactured components are columns, beams, sparrows (short beams and decorative beams), bucket arches (longitudinal beam connectors), partitions (doors, windows, walls), thresholds (upper threshold , middle threshold, lower threshold), collars, eaves and cornices, railings, abutments. When the components are completed, they will be transported to the construction site for assembly.

前 言

模板及支承系统必须符合以下规定：要能保证结构和构件的形状、尺寸以及相互位置的准确；具有足够的承载能力、刚度和稳定性；构造力求简单，装拆方便，能多次周转使用；接缝要严密不漏浆；模板选材要经济适用，尽可能降低模板的施工费用。木模板最早被人们用作为模板工程材料。木模板的主要优点是制作拼装随意，尤其适用于浇筑外形复杂、数量不多的混凝土结构或构件。我国的模板技术，自从 20 世纪 70 年代提出“以钢代木”的技术政策以来，已形成组合式、工具化、永久式三大系列工业化模板体系。

装配式钢筋混凝土框架结构是多层厂房与民用建筑常用结构之一，这类装配式建筑是以钢筋混凝土预制构件组成主体骨架结构，再用定型装配件装配，分为维护、分隔、装修、装饰以及设备安装等部分。装配式框架结构主要有梁板式和无梁式两种结构形式，梁板式结构由柱、梁（包括主梁、次梁）及楼板组成；无梁式结构由柱、柱帽、板组成，这种结构大多采用升板法施工。

装配建筑在中国源远流长，追根溯源，中国传统建筑基本是木结构建筑，从奴隶社会开始中国就有了木结构建筑，而木结构建筑就是装配式建筑的原始起源建筑。中国木结构建筑建造时分为构件制作场地（工厂）、建筑装配场地（工地）。所有建筑构件都在工厂制作，制作的构件有柱、枋（梁）、雀枋（短梁和装饰梁）、斗拱（纵向梁连接件）、隔扇（门、窗、墙）、门槛（上门槛、中门槛、下门槛）、领子、檐和飞檐、栏杆、台基。当构件制作完成后，将构件运到施工现场进行装配。