Preface

Since the first use of ether in clinical anesthesia in the mid-19th century, anesthesiology has undergone 160 years of development. Modern anesthesiology has become a comprehensive clinical subject based on physiology, pathophysiology and pharmacology. Its scope covers clinical anesthesia, emergency resuscitation, severe monitoring and pain treatment and other aspects.In terms of clinical anesthesia, although the anesthesia operation is similar, the operation can involve brain, chest, abdominal cavity and other important organs. More importantly, the operation patients may also be complicated with hypertension, coronary heart disease, diabetes and other organ system diseases, so almost no case of anesthesia treatment is completely the same. Therefore, anesthesiologists should not only be proficient in the theory and technology of clinical anesthesia and monitoring, but also fully understand the physiological, pathological changes and disturbances of surgical patients, as well as the interaction among the three under different conditions. Only in this way can we cope with the ever-changing clinical situation and regulate the internal environment and nuanced links of perioperative patients.

 In recent years, anesthesiology has made rapid development in China, including clinical anesthesia, treatment of critically ill patients and pain treatment. This puts forward higher requirements for clinical anesthesiologists. Anesthesiologists should not only be proficient in the theory and technology of clinical anesthesia and monitoring, and fully grasp the properties and efficacy of various anesthetics, but also have a full understanding of the physiological state, pathological changes and various effects of surgery on patients.
    Anesthesia is a variety of methods to eliminate pain in order to ensure the safety of patients and create good surgical conditions during operation or diagnostic examination. It is also used to control pain. With the rapid development of science and technology, anesthesiology has undergone profound changes in clinical anesthesia, first aid and resuscitation, severe monitoring and pain treatment. The research progress of physiology, pharmacology, pathology, surgery and molecular biology has enriched the theory of anesthesiology and promoted the progress of anesthesia technology.

前 言

自 19 世纪中叶首次将乙醚用于临床麻醉以来，麻醉学已经历了 160 年的发展，现代麻醉学已成为一门以生理、病理生理、药理为基础的综合性临床学科，其范畴涵盖临床麻醉、急救复苏、重症监测以及疼痛治疗等诸多方面。仅就临床麻醉而言，虽然麻醉操作大同小异，但手术可涉及颅脑、心胸、腹腔等重要器官，更为重要的是手术病人还可能合并高血压、冠心病、糖尿病等各个器官系统的疾病，因此几乎没有 1 例麻醉的处理完全相同。这就要求麻醉科医师不仅精通临床麻醉及监测的理论和技术，更要充分理解手术病人的生理、病理变化及扰乱，以及不同病情下手术麻醉三者的交互影响。唯此才能应对千变万化的临床情况，才能调控围术期病人的内环境及细致入微的各个环节。
      近年来，我国麻醉学取得飞速的发展，包括临床麻醉、危重病人的处理及疼痛治疗。这就对临床麻醉医师提出了更高的要求，麻醉医师不仅要精通临床麻醉及监测的有关理论和技术，充分掌握各种麻醉药的药性及药效，还要对手术病人的生理状态、病理改变及手术对病人可能产生的各种影响有充分的理解。

麻醉是施行手术或进行诊断性检查时，为保障患者安全、创造良好的手术条件而采取的消除疼痛的各种方法，亦用于控制疼痛。在科技高速发展的今天，麻醉学在临床麻醉、急救复苏、重症监测和疼痛治疗等方面发生了深刻的变化。生理、药理、病理学、外科学和分子生物学的研究进展，更加丰富和充实了麻醉学的理论，促进了麻醉技术的进步。