Preface

Due to the continuous growth of the population and the continuous acceleration of the urbanization process, a large number of people have crowded into big cities, which has led to increasing traffic pressure in big cities. “Traffic restriction, diversion, viaduct, Overpass” and other measures have been unable to meet the growing demand for people. In order to solve the problem of urban traffic jam, London opened the world’s first underground railway system, the London Metropolitan railway, in 1863. In 1969, Beijing opened the first subway line in China. Due to the traffic congestion and the increasing urban population, although the rise of China’s subway is relatively late, it has also achieved rapid development, which has become an important method and way to alleviate the urban traffic pressure.

  At present, the development and utilization of urban underground space is mainly based on the construction of urban subway engineering, taking into account the development of integrated underground pipe gallery, underground parking lot and so on. Subway construction is of great practical significance in solving urban traffic congestion, saving land resources, protecting and improving urban environment, strengthening national defense capability, strengthening disaster prevention capability, and reducing carbon emissions.
    With the development of large-scale railway construction in China, the investment in railway construction has increased significantly. The construction task is heavy and the construction period is tight. Many projects are operated at high altitude, in the field and in deep water, with large population mobility, frequent mechanical transfer, high proportion of new workers and relatively poor safety awareness. In addition, a large number of new technologies and standards are adopted, so the safety risk of railway construction is higher than before, and the safety management of railway construction is arduous.

  Subway construction accidents do great harm to people’s health and safety, social economy and natural environment, leading to casualties, economic losses, environmental damage and other major issues. Researchers and practitioners at home and abroad have been studying how to reduce the construction risk and reduce the occurrence of safety accidents on the construction site. After long-term safety management research and practice, it is found that safety risk identification and early warning is an important part of safety management. Its purpose is to find out the weak links of the project and establish effective measures to avoid safety accidents.

前 言

随着人口的不断增长，城市化进程的不断加快，大量人流涌入大城市，导致了大城市交通压力不断加大。“限行、分流、高架、立交”等措施已经不能满足日益增长的人流需求。 为了解决城市交通堵塞问题， 伦敦于 1863 年开通了世界上首条地下铁路系统——伦敦大都会铁路。 1969 年北京开通了我国第一条地铁线路。虽然地铁在我国起步较晚，但由于交通拥堵问题和城市人口不断增加，地铁在我国取得了快速发展，成为缓解城市交通压力的重要方法和途径。
       目前，城市地下空间的开发利用主要是以城市地铁工程建设为主，兼顾开发地下共同管廊、地下停车场等。在解决城市交通拥堵、节约土地资源、保护和改善城市环境、加强国防及防灾减灾能力、减少碳排放等方面，地铁建设具有十分重要的现实意义。

 随着国家大规模铁路建设的展开，铁路建设投资大幅增加，施工任务重，工期紧，存在大量高处、野外、深水作业，流动性大，机械调动频繁，新工人比例高、安全意识相对较差，再加之新技术新标准的大量采用，因此铁路建设安全风险比以往更高，铁路建设安全管理任务艰巨。
       地铁施工安全事故对人民生命健康安全、社会经济和自然环境产生重大危害，导致了人员伤亡、经济损失、环境破坏等重大问题。国内外的研究人员和从业人员一直都在研究如何降低施工安全风险，减少施工现场安全事故的发生。经过长期的安全管理研究及实践发现，安全风险识别与预警是安全管理的重要环节，其目的就在于寻找工程的薄弱环节并建立有效措施，以避免将来的安全事故。