Preface

Modern chemical industry began in France in the 18th century, and then spread to England. In the 19th century, the organic chemical industry based on coal developed rapidly in Germany. However, the scale of the chemical industry at that time was not large, mainly focusing on the development of various chemicals, and the chemical process development at that time was mainly led by industrial chemists and participated by mechanical engineers. By the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, the exploitation of oil and the construction of large-scale refineries had laid the foundation for the development of petrochemical industry and the emergence of chemical engineering technology, resulting in the modern chemical industry marked by “unit operation”.
        As the foundation and pillar industry of national economy, chemical industry plays an extremely important role in national economy. In today’s world, chemical products are involved in all aspects of national economy, national defense construction, resource development and human clothing, food, housing and transportation, and play a very important role in solving the major problems of sustainable development of population, resources, energy and environment faced by human society. Chemical industry is the assistant of industrial revolution, the pillar of agricultural development, the sharp weapon of national defense construction, the tool of conquering disease and the means of improving life. The process of chemical production is complex, and the operation requirements are very strict. Generally, it is carried out under high temperature and high pressure, and most materials are flammable, explosive, toxic, harmful and corrosive, which greatly increases the possibility of accidents and the severity of accident consequences. Compared with other industries, the chemical industry itself is faced with such important problems as safety and environmental pollution. As the future chemical and related industry practitioners and personnel directly related to the chemical industry production, it is particularly important to understand the basic problems of chemical safety, master the basic knowledge of chemical safety, and establish the awareness of chemical safety production.

前 言

现代化学工业始于 18 世纪的法国，随后传入英国。 19 世纪以煤为基础原料的有机化学工业在德国迅速发展起来。但那时的化学工业规模不大，主要着眼于各种化学品的开发，而且当时的化工过程开发主要是由工业化学家率领、机械工程师参加进行的。到 19 世纪末 20 世纪初，石油的开采和大规模炼油厂的兴建为石油化学工业的发展和化学工程技术的产生奠定了基础，由此产生了以“单元操作”为标志的现代化学工业。
        化学工业作为国民经济的基础和支柱产业，在国民经济中占有极其重要的地位。当今世界，化工产品涉及国民经济、国防建设、资源开发和人类衣食住行的各个方面，对解决人类社会所面临的人口、资源、能源和环境的可持续发展等重大问题，起到了十分重要的作用。化工是工业革命的助手、农业发展的支柱、国防建设的利器、战胜疾病的工具、改善生活的手段。化工生产过程工艺复杂，操作要求十分严格，一般都是在高温、高压下进行，并且大多数物料具有易燃、易爆、有毒、有害和腐蚀性强等特点， 这极大地增加了事故发生的可能性和事故后果的严重程度。与其他工业相比，化学工业本身面临着不可忽视的安全与环境污染等重要问题。作为未来化工及相关行业的从业者和与化学工业生产直接相关的人员，了解化工安全基本问题，掌握化工安全基础知识，树立化工安全生产意识，显得尤为重要。