Preface

What is landscape? The original meaning of landscape is light. It is mentioned in Shuo Wen that landscape is the light. It is noted by Yucai Duan that where is the light, where is the shadow. Light and shadow make the image exist. So the landscape has the meaning of images. What is viewing? Viewing is to scanning so that viewing can refer to images. Anshi Wang, a Chinese poet, said that the most extraordinary view of the world is often located in remote and dangerous places. Therefore, the word “scenery” also has a lot of repeated synonyms. Generally speaking, one word “landscape” is enough, such as city view, street view, sea view, etc. In ancient Chinese books, gardens, according to their different natures, are also called Yu, Yuan (park), Yuan (garden), courtyard, Bieye, Shanzhuang (villa), etc. The concept of modern gardens is much larger than that of traditional gardens. With the further development of landscape architecture research and the development of theory and practice, Dr. Binyi Liu proposed a new concept “Landscape Studies”, that is, landscape architecture, which expanded from landscape planning, design and construction to include the management of landscape resources, heritage protection and other aspects of research, and even pure theoretical research.
          Landscape engineering refers to the use and transformation of natural landscape or artificial landscape in a certain area, combined with plant planting and architectural layout, so as to form a whole process of landscape environment for people to watch, travel and live. Landscape engineering is a subject that studies how to create a beautiful and pleasantlandscape environment, such as the engineering design, engineering management, construction technology and principle, the use of new materials and new technologies in landscape architecture. Modern urban landscape plays an increasingly important role in urban construction, mainly because landscape is not only ornamental, but also bears theimportant responsibility of protecting urban ecological environment. At present, as an important part of urban ecological environment and cultural atmosphere construction, landscape planning and design are of great significance.

前 言

何谓景？景的本意是光，《说文》：“景，”光也。”段玉裁注：“光所在处，物皆有阴。有光必有影，光和影共同成就了象，所以景具有象的含义。何谓观？《说文》：“观，谛视也。”谛的意思是审视。由此，观也引申出景象的意思，王安石名句：“而世之奇伟瑰怪非常之观，常在于险远。”所以景观二字也有很大同义反复的成分，一般用一个景字已经足矣，如城景、街景、海景等。园林在中国古籍里根据不同性质也称作囿（柚）、苑、园、庭园、别业、山庄等，现代园林的概念与传统的园林相比要大得多。随着风景园林研究的进一步深入，理论和实践的发展，刘滨谊博士提出了一个新的概念“Landscape Studies”，即景观学，使风景园林从景观规划设计与建造扩展为包括景观资源的管理，遗产的保护等方面的研究，甚至包括纯理论方面的研究。
        园林工程是指在一定的地段范围内，利用并改造自然山水地貌或者人为地开辟山水地貌，结合植物的栽植和建筑的布置，从而构成一个供人们观赏、游息、居住的园林景观环境的全过程一般称之园林工程，过去也称为造园。研究园林的工程设计，工程管理，施工技术及原理，园林中新材料、新技术的利用等如何创造优美宜人的园林景观环境的学科就是园林工程学。现代城市的园林景观在城市建设中占着越来越重要的地位，主要是因为园林景观不仅仅只具备观赏性，还承担着保护城市生态环境的重要职责。目前，园林景观作为城市生态环境、文化氛围建设的重要内容，其规划和设计的内容都有种非常重要的意义。