本书属于临床中药学方面的著作，由中药学、临床中药学相关概念、中药学的 学科分化、中药作用的基本原理、中药临床应用特点、临床中药合理用药知识、中 医药特点和需求的研究方法等部分构成，全书主要研究中药、中药学、临床中药学 相关知识，分析中药学以及临床中药学与相关学科的关系，阐述临床中药合理用药 知识与临床中药的功效以及中药学的发展成效，对从事临床中药学专业的研究学者 与中药学教学、科研、医疗、研发和管理的工作者有学习和参考的价值。

In the 21st century, with the rapid development of global economy, the major social problems faced by human beings in today’s world, such as population problem, food shortage, resource destruction, energy shortage, environmental pollution and so on, have become hot issues of global concern. In the face of severe facts, people begin to realize that if human beings do not have a comprehensive understanding of the nature they live in and do not follow the laws of ecology, it will lead to disastrous consequences. Therefore, ecology is an important theoretical basis for human beings to protect the environment and realize sustainable development. Agricultural ecology is a branch of ecology, which is an important theory to protect the agricultural ecological environment and realize the sustainable utilization of agricultural resources.
         Environment is the basic condition and material basis for human survival and development, and environmental protection is a basic national policy of our country. China is a developing country. At the same time of economic construction, environmental pollution with city as the center is still developing and rapidly spreading to rural areas. The scope of ecological damage is expanding and the degree is aggravating. Environmental pollution and ecological destruction have become important factors restricting China’s economic and social development. Agricultural production is closely related to resources and environment. With the acceleration of modernization of agricultural production, agricultural environmental problems become more prominent, such as environmental pollution caused by overuse of pesticides and chemical fertilizers, soil erosion, soil erosion and vegetation damage caused by overdevelopment.

前 言

进入 21 世纪，全球经济快速发展，当今世界人类所面临的重大社会问题，如：人口问题、粮食短缺、资源破坏、能源紧张、环境污染等，成为全球关注的热点问题。在严峻的事实面前，人们开始认识到，如果人类对所生活的自然界没有全面的认识，不遵循生态学规律，就会招致灾难性的后果。因此，生态学是人类保护环境，实现可持续发展的重要理论基础。而农业生态学是生态学的分支，是保护农业生态环境，实现农业资源永续利用的重要理论。
        环境是人类赖以生存和发展的基本条件和物质基础，环境保护是我国的一项基本国策。我国是一个发展中国家，在进行经济建设的同时，以城市为中心的环境污染仍在发展，并急剧向农村蔓延，生态破坏的范围在扩大，程度在加剧。环境污染和生态破坏已成为制约我国经济和社会发展的重要因素。农业生产与资源环境有着极为密切的联系，随着农业生产现代化进程的加快，农业环境问题更加突出，如过量使用农药、化肥等造成的环境污染和过度开发造成的土壤侵蚀、水土流失、植被破坏等。

With the further rise of the climax of China’s road and bridge engineering construction, the national investment scale in road and bridge engineering construction is increasing year by year, and the construction of national and provincial roads and county and township roads is booming, so the demand for construction technical talents in the highway industry is more urgent. The construction technology of road and bridge engineering is not only the basic skills of road and bridge engineering students, but also the basic knowledge and ability of road and bridge construction technicians. Modern road and bridge engineering technicians are not only road and bridge engineering builders, but also road and bridge engineering construction technology problem solvers, managers and decision makers.
        With the development of national economy, transportation industry has become particularly important, especially highway engineering and highway bridge construction. With the central government making it clear that “speeding up the development of transportation is a strategic and urgent task related to the overall situation of the national economy”, highway engineering construction has ushered in the historical opportunity of great development. The engineering and project management of highway and bridge is of great significance to effectively improve the engineering quality and comprehensive benefits. This book analyzes the application problems of highway bridge construction technology and project management, takes effective measures, improves the project management mode, ensures the improvement of highway bridge construction technology and project management system and the stable development of national economic operation environment, and effectively coordinates and promotes its internal application links.

前 言

随着我国路桥工程建设高潮的进一步兴起，国家对路桥工程建设的投资规模逐年加大，国、省道公路与县、乡道路建设得到蓬勃发展，对公路行业施工技术人才的需求更加迫切。路桥工程的施工技术是道路与桥梁工程技术专业学生必须具备的基本技能，也是路桥建设技术人员必须掌握的基本知识和能力。现代路桥工程技术人员不仅是路桥工程建设者，同时也是路桥工程施工技术问题的解决者、管理者和决策者。
        国家大力发展经济，运输业变得尤为重要，特别是公路工程和公路桥梁建设这一部分占据了其中很大的比例，随着中央明确“将加快交通运输发展作为事关国民经济全局的战略性和紧迫性任务”，公路工程建设便迎来了大发展的历史机遇。公路桥梁的工程与项目管理对有效提升工程质量、综合效益有重要意义。本书以“路桥施工技术与项目管理”为课题，针对公路桥施工技术与项目管理应用问题展开分析，采取有效的针对措施，完善项目管理的模式，确保路桥施工技术与项目管理体系的健全和国家经济运作环境的稳定开展，有效协调促进其内部各个应用环节。

With the rapid development of market economy and the expansion of urban traffic scale, the process of urbanization is accelerating, the scale of road and bridge engineering construction projects is also gradually increasing, the construction quantity of road and bridge engineering is gradually increasing, and the influencing factors of construction quality are also more diversified, which leads to people’s more obvious concern about the quality of the project. This requires management and control of technical interference factors in engineering construction, so as to achieve better engineering effect, improve engineering quality, and improve road and bridge engineering construction management, which plays an important role in ensuring smooth traffic.
          At present, the development of highway engineering construction is relatively rapid, and the industry does not have a very strict access system, which leads to more and more teams to join the highway construction, increasing the competitive pressure of the highway construction market. In order to ensure the competitive advantage, enterprises should constantly improve their own technical level, strengthen safety management, reduce the losses caused by safety accidents, improve their comprehensive level, and promote the further development of road and bridge traffic engineering.
         In the process of road and bridge engineering construction, there are many factors that affect the quality of road and bridge engineering, in addition to the external environment, the most important is the internal factors such as the level of project technology management. Therefore, effective measures should be taken from different aspects to improve the construction technology management level of road and bridge engineering, so as to ensure the overall quality of road and bridge engineering.

前 言

随着市场经济的飞速发展和城市交通规模的扩大，城市化进程不断加快，道路桥梁工程建设项目规模也在逐渐增加，路桥工程建设量逐渐增多，施工质量影响因素也更加多样化，导致人们对工程的质量产生了更为明显的关注。这就需要对工程施工中技术干扰因素进行管理控制，从而达到更好的工程效果，提升工程质量完善路桥工程施工管理对保证交通畅通具有重要的作用。
       目前，公路工程建设发展较为迅速，行业并没有十分严格的准入制度，这就导致越来越多的队伍加入公路施工中，增加了公路施工建设市场的竞争压力。企业要想保证竞争优势，就要不断提高自身技术水平，同时，加强安全管理，降低安全事故带来的损失，将自身综合水平提升，推动路桥交通工程的进一步发展。
        在路桥工程施工过程中，影响路桥工程质量的因素很多，除了有外界环境的因素外，最为主要的是项目技术管理水平等内在因素。因此，要从不同方面采取有效的措施，提高路桥工程施工技术管理水平，从而确保路桥工程的整体质量。

Based on the construction project management, in the actual construction site management, good safety management has an important impact on the whole project construction and construction project management quality. From the current construction management of construction engineering, it is of great significance to clarify the importance of safety management and consolidate the basis of safety management to do a good job in safety management and improve the effectiveness of safety management. Therefore, we should be based on the actual construction project management, seriously explore the significance of safety management and the short board and shortage in the implementation process of safety management, take targeted solutions, so that safety management can become the main management content of construction project, and provide strong support for the whole construction management.
       In the project quality management system, housing construction quality management is very important, especially the specific construction stage will directly affect the quality of the whole project. For housing construction, quality management involves the whole link from project approval to later maintenance. In each construction stage, we need to consider how to realize the optimal organization of existing resources from multiple levels, and apply it to housing construction quality management on this basis. We need to optimize the construction site management, which needs to be promoted from the management and technical perspectives. In terms of quality management, we should do a good job in personnel management, professional management, safety management, construction period management, progress management, etc. At the same time, we also need to improve the equipment management level and the overall construction technology level of the construction site in the technical optimization.

前 言

基于建筑工程管理，实际在施工现场管理中，做好安全管理对整个工程建设和建筑工程的管理质量具有重要影响。从当前建筑工程施工管理来看，明确安全管理的重要性并夯实安全管理基础，对做好安全管理工作和提高安全管理工作的有效性具有重要意义。因此，我们应立足建筑工程管理实际，认真探讨安全管理的意义以及安全管理的实施过程中的短板和不足，采取有针对性的解决措施，使安全管理能够成为建筑工程的主要管理内容，为整个建筑施工管理提供有力支持。
        在工程质量管理体系中，房屋建筑质量管理十分重要，尤其是具体的施工阶段会直接影响到整个工程项目质量。对于房屋建筑施工而言，质量管理涉及项目立项到后期维护的整个环节，在各个施工阶段都需要从多个层面来考虑如何将已有的资源实现最优的组织，并在此基础上将其应用到房屋建筑施工质量管理工作中。对施工现场管理进行优化需要从管理角度和技术角度同步推进。在质量管理上做好人员管理、专业化管理、安全管理、工期管理、进度管理等。在技术优化上提高施工现场的设备管理水平和整体施工技术水平。