The progress of science and technology and the rapid development of global economy have greatly improved the quality of life of human society, but also brought a  series of threats to human survival, such as environmental pollution and ecological deterioration, which has attracted the world’s attention in fields of environment, ecology and sustainable development. It has become a consensus of human society to protect the global environment and implement sustainable development. As a developing country with the largest population, to solve environmental problems is not only in line with China’s own long-term goal of sustainable development, but also an important embodiment of common interests of human society.

Using the concept of aesthetic description as an art level to explain the environmentalart problem is because aesthetic description itself, as an art research method, has a wide range and influence in the research of art evaluation. As the living space of human beings,environment is closely related to human life. The ultimate purpose of the formation and existence of environmental art is to provide a harmonious and beautiful living space and activity place for human beings. Therefore, the creation of modern environmental art must change the former focus on the carving of the entity, that is, to focus on the treatment of the external environment, and should take aesthetic care as the focus of environmental art creation, and turn the aesthetic focus of environmental art from the aesthetic object to the integration of the aesthetic subject and object. Excellent environmental art is the art of experience. It is the perceptual grasp of the life value and meaning of the work given by the people as the main body. Emotional life and meaning are the core of environmental art.

The occurrence of environmental art aesthetics can be divided into three stages according to the description of the aesthetic process: first, the feeling of many complex landscape phenomena such as environmental material characteristics, such as elements, order and time, etc., and the perception image with pleasure generated by the superposition of various feelings; second, the aesthetic image of environmental art is formed when the perception image is consistent with the original emotional state; and finally, the value judgment of aesthetic result, which can be correctly understood and expressed through the synthesis of subject evaluation and object evaluation.

前 言

科学技术的进步和全球经济的迅猛发展，在极大地改善了人类社会生活质量的同时，也带来了环境污染和生态恶化等一系列威胁人类生存的问题，从而引起了世界各国对环境、生态、可持续发展等领域的广泛关注。保护全球环境，实施可持续发展，已成为人类社会的共识。作为人口最多的发展中国家，解决好环境问题，既符合中国自身可持续发展的长远目标，也是人类社会共同利益的重要体现。

用审美描述这样一个艺术层面的概念来阐述环境艺术问题，是因为审美描述本身作为一种艺术研究方法，在艺术评价的研究中具有广泛性和影响力。环境作为人类生存的空间，与人的生活息息相关，环境艺术的形成和存在的最终目的是为人类提供和谐美好的生存空间和活动场所。因此，现代环境艺术创造必须改变以往只注重实体的雕琢，即把注意力全部集中在外部环境的处理上，而应把审美关怀作为环境艺术创造的重点， 将环境艺术的审美重心由审美客体转向审美主客体的融会统一。优秀的环境艺术是体验的艺术，是作为主体的人将强烈的感情色彩赋予作品生命价值与意义的感性把握，情感生命、意义是环境艺术关注的核心。

环境艺术审美的发生依据审美过程的描述可分为三个阶段：首先是对环境物质特征，如要素、秩序时间等许多复杂景观现象的感觉，多种感觉叠加生成具有愉悦性的知觉象；其次是当知觉表象与原有的情感状态相符时形成环境艺术的审美意象；最后是审美结果的价值判断，这要通过主体评价和客体评价的综合才能被正确地认识和表达出来。

Respiratory System is an organ system for gas exchange between human body and external environment. In the process of metabolism, the organism must constantly absorb the O2 required by metabolism from the external environment and discharge the CO2 produced. This process of gas exchange between the organism and the external environment is called respiration. Therefore, respiration is a necessary condition to maintain metabolism and other functional activities of the body. Once respiration stops, life will end. According to survey results of causes of death in 1992, respiratory diseases (excluding lung cancer) accounted for the third place in urban mortality, while in rural mortality was the first. More attention should be paid to air pollution, smoking, aging and other factors, which will increase the incidence rate and mortality of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), including chronic bronchitis, emphysema, pulmonary heart disease, bronchial asthma, lung cancer, diffuse interstitial fibrosis of lung, and pulmonary infection. This shows that respiratory diseases are increasingly harmful to human beings. If not controlled, they will become more prominent in the future. This requires efforts of medical workers and the whole society to do a good job in the prevention and treatment of respiratory diseases. This book systematically introduces the diagnosis and treatment technology of respiratory
diseases, and provides theoretical guidance materials for clinical treatment of respiratory diseases.

前 言

呼吸系统（Respiratory System）是人体与外界环境间进行气体交换的器官系统。生物体在新陈代谢的过程中，必须不断地从外界环境中摄取新陈代谢所需的 O2，排出所产生的 CO2，这种机体与外界环境之间的气体交换过程，称为呼吸。因此，呼吸是维持机体新陈代谢和其他功能活动正常进行的必要条件，一旦呼吸停止，生命也将结束。根据我国 1992 的死因调查结果，呼吸系统疾病（不包括肺癌）在城市的死亡率占第 3 位，而在农村则占首位。更应重视的是由于大气污染、吸烟、人口老龄化及其他因素，使国内外的慢性阻塞性肺病（简称慢阻肺，包括慢性支气管炎、肺气肿、肺心病）、支气管哮喘、肺癌、肺部弥散性间质纤维化，以及肺部感染等疾病的发病率、死亡率有增无减。这说明呼吸系统疾病危害人类日益严重，如未予控制，日后将更为突出， 这就需要广大医务工作者暨全社会的努力， 做好呼吸系统疾病的防治工作。本书系统介绍了呼吸系统疾病的诊疗技术， 为呼吸系统疾病临床治疗提供理论性的指导材料。

With the continuous deterioration of the water ecological environment and thede crease of the total amount of water resources year by year, our country pays moreattention to the protection of water resources and the improvement of water ecology. The excessive development and pollution have caused severe water pollution. The improvement of water environment in the river basin must go through a long and arduous period of time.In addition to the support of scientific and technological talents and funds, it is more important to need new systems and laws that keep pace with the times.

In view of the increasingly serious problem of water pollution and the fact that the fragmented treatment of river basin water pollution in our country can not achieve outstanding results in the past, “river director system” came into being, and its implementation changed the situation of “many people participate in water control” in our country. But after all, the “river director system” is only an emergency measure based on the serious water pollution crisis. Although China has decided to implement the “river irector system” in the whole country at the end of 2016, and the new “Water Pollution Prevention and Control Law”, which has been implemented since 2018, clearly stipulates the “river chief system”, there are still many difficulties in the specific operation. 

This book is divided into six chapters. It analyzes and expounds the construction of river director system and water ecological protection from different perspectives, finds out various problems and difficulties, and puts forward corresponding solutions and methods.

前 言

随着水生态环境的持续恶化，水资源总量的逐年减少，我国对保护水资源，改善水生态的重视也逐渐提高。曾经过度的开发与污染造成了如今严峻的水污染情况，流域水环境的改善也必然需要经历一段漫长而艰辛的岁月，除了需要科技人才以及资金的支持，更重要的是需要新兴的制度与紧跟时代的法律。

针对日益严重的水污染问题以及过去我国流域水污染治理中碎片化的治理无法取得突出成效的现实情况，“河长制”应运而生，其实施改变了我国“多龙治水”的情形。但“河长制”毕竟只是基于严重的水污染危机所提出的应急性措施，虽然我国于 2016 年底已经决定在全国推行“河长制”，且在 2018 年开始实施的新《水污染防治法》中也以法律明确规定了“河长制”，但在具体操作上仍然存在许多困难。

本书分为六个章节，从不同的角度对河长制建设与水生态保护进行详细的分析与阐述，发现了其中存在的各种问题和所面临的境，并提出了相应的解决措施和方法 。

The bridge construction management of our country starts late. After the efforts in recent years, although our country has made great progress in the bridge construction management, but because of the characteristics of the bridge construction, such as the difficulty of construction and so on, the bridge construction accidents also occur in our country, which has brought adverse effects on the development of the bridge cause of our country. Compared with other engineering construction, bridge construction has following characteristics: (1) generally, the construction period of bridge is long, especially for the construction of large-scale bridge, which takes several years; each bridge construction project is unique, different from any other bridge construction project, which determines the complexity and diversity of bridge construction management; (2) the mobility of personnel is large. Due to the relatively poor working conditions of bridge construction, many of the construction personnel are local migrant workers, so their engineering technology level and cultural quality are generally low, usually they leave after the completion of the project, so the mobility of construction personnel is large; (3) generally, products of bridge projects are open-air operations, with huge volume, which are greatly affected by the natural climate. The construction of the project is easily interrupted by the harsh construction environment such as flood, rain, snow, etc. 

Based on this problem, this book is divided into three chapters to explain the problems of highway and bridge construction and management. The first half of this book mainly talks about the general summary of highway and bridge construction and management, including the key points and key points of bridge engineering construction, as well as the common problems in the daily construction process, and also talks about the solutions to these problems. Of course, a lot of knowledge points of highway engineering are some of our old problems, including highway construction, technology introduction, highway maintenance and green construction and so on. In addition, on the basis of the previous contents, we have added the contents related to water conservancy projects, such as water conservancy construction, technical points, engineering design, etc. So, this book covers a wide range of contents. Of course, the topic of “highway and bridge construction and management” is also wide. Therefore, readers are welcome to give timely feedback on the parts that may be neglected or omitted in a book.

前 言

我国的桥梁施工管理起步较晚，经过近些年的努力，虽然我国在桥梁施工管理方面取得了较大进步，但由于桥梁施工具有施工难度大等其自身的特点，桥梁施工事故在我国也时有发生，这对我国桥梁事业的发展带来了不利影响。与其他工程施工相比，桥梁施工具有如下特点：（1）通常桥梁建设周期较长，尤其是大型桥梁的建设施工，其周期要达数年；每个桥梁施工项目都是唯一的，区别于其他任何桥梁施工项目，这决定了桥梁施工管理的复杂性和多样性。（2）人员流动性大，由于桥梁施工作业条件相对较差，施工人员中很多是当地农民工，所以他们的工程技术水平与文化素质普遍较低， 通常是工程完工后他们就离开， 故施工人员的流动性很大。（3）通常桥梁项目产品为露天作业，体积庞大，受自然气候的影响较大，工程施工易被如洪水、雨、雪等恶劣的施工环境中断。

基于此问题的基础上，本书分三大章节具体讲解了有关公路桥梁与施工管理问题，其中这本书的前半部分主要讲到关于公路桥梁施工与管理的总概括，包括桥梁工程施工的要点和关键点，以及日常施工过程当中比较常见的问题，也谈及这些问题的解决措施， 当然公路工程这方面很多知识点部分都是一些我们老生常谈的问题，包括公路施工、技术引入、公路养护和绿色施工等等。此外，在前面内容的基础上我们加入了有关水利工程的内容，像水利施工、技术要点、工程设计等等。本书涵盖的内容还是比较广泛的，当然，“公路桥梁施工与管理”这个话题还要广泛，因此，一本书当中可能有疏忽或者遗漏的部分欢迎广大读者朋友及时反馈。

In recent years, in order to adapt to the rapid development of highway construction and ensure the quality of engineering construction, the Ministry of Communications has carried out the annual activity of highway construction quality for many years in succession, and carried out technical research on improving highway construction quality and special scientific research & treatment on the common quality problems of highway engineering. It strengthened the construction of the project quality management system and quality supervision, and fully implemented the quality responsibility system, and improves the quality awareness and management level of all employees, which has played a positive role in ensuring the quality of highway engineering.This book systematically and comprehensively introduces the basic knowledge and basic theories of highway engineering construction. Combining the new technologies of highway engineering construction, new materials, and various newly issued construction technical specifications and important provisions in quality acceptance standards, it strives to scientifically reflect the current high-tech construction level of road and bridge construction, train construction personnel to understand and apply the current codes and standards, and promote the development of road and bridge construction. 

This book mainly introduces the construction technology of highway subgrad engineering, pavement engineering, bridge engineering and traffic engineering. It pays attention to the characteristics of China’s highway construction and focuses on the traditional construction methods. Based on the characteristics of the course that emphasizes both the theory and practice of highway engineering construction technology, this book follows the principle of combining theory with practice when compiling, and is based on the latest engineering technology standards and specifications promulgated by the Ministry of Communications. On the basis of summarizing the achievements of many years of professional teaching and industry training, it is closely integrated with engineering practice. This book has strong practicality, detailed content, wide coverage, and integrates knowledge and practice. 

In the process of compiling this book, many information and materials were retrieved and consulted, and I’d like to thank the relevant personnel. Due to the limited level of the author, omissions are inevitable, and readers are invited to criticize and correct.

前 言

近些年来，为适应公路建设的快速发展，确保工程建设质量的要求，交通部连续多年开展了公路建设质量活动，开展针对提高公路修筑质量的技术攻关与针对公路工程质量通病的专项科研与治理工作。加强了工程质量管理制度的建设，强化质量监督，全面落实质量责任制，使全员的质量意识与管理水平得到明显的提高，对确保公路工程质量起到了积极的作用。本书较为系统、全面地介绍了公路工程施工的基本知识和基本理论，结合公路工程施工的新技术新工艺、新材料及新颁布的各种施工技术规范、质量验收标准中的重要条款，力求做到科学地反映出当前路桥施工的高科技施工水平，培养施工人员对现行规范、标准的了解与运用，促进路桥施工的发展。

本书主要介绍了公路路基工程、路面工程、桥梁工程、交通工程的施工技术，注意结合我国公路建设的特点，着重阐述传统施工方法。基于公路工程施工技术理论与实践并重的课程特点，本书在编写时遵循理论联系实际的原则，以交通部最新颁布的有关工程技术标准、规范为依据，在总结多年专业教学和行业培训成果的基础上，紧密结合工程实践。本书实践性强、内容详实、涉及面广，融知识性、实践性于一体。

本书在编写过程中，检索和查阅了许多信息、资料，在此向有关人员一并致谢。由于作者水平有限，疏漏之处在所难免，恳请广大读者批评指正。