Since the reform and opening up policy, our country’s construction industry has developed rapidly, and the scale of urban construction has been expanding. The development speed of cities and towns has become a standard for measuring the modern civilization of a country or region. After years of hard work and practice, our country’s modern architecture has been developed with high technology, high speed and high quality. We have made many major breakthroughs and new achievements in the field of construction technology. Some technologies come up to advanced world standards, leading our country to be a great power in construction field. This manual is specially written to provide engineers, construction supervisors and senior technical workers engaged in on-site construction with a practical, rich, systematic and comprehensive construction technology reference material.

Construction survey is an extremely important technical work that runs through the entire process of engineering project construction, and can be called the “GPS” of the specific construction project implementation. In the mean time, engineering survey skills are the necessary job capabilities for first-line construction engineers. During the construction process of building project, surveying and setting out is the first and the essential procedure and also a key process to ensure the quality and design intention of the entire project. With the rapid development of social science and technology, measuring instruments and new technologies are constantly being updated. Survey technicians must not only be proficient in the usage of conventional traditional survey tools, but also need to continuously learn to use new measuring instruments, technologies and new measuring methods in order to complete the work they are facing. In practice, surveying and setting-out is a comprehensive technology that uses solid geometry, plane geometry, analytical geometry and other knowledge combined with multiple skills. Survey technicians do need to continuously learn and summarize to fully digest the knowledge and skills, and to increase the efficiency of construction projects.

前 言

改革开放以来，我国建筑业发展很快，城镇建设规模日益扩大，城镇的发展速度已成为衡量一个国家和地区现代文明的标准。经过多年的努力实践，我国的现代化建筑正朝着高技术、快速度、高质量方向发展，我国在建筑工程施工技术领域取得了许多重大突破和新的成果，有的技术已经达到世界先进水平，成为世界建筑大国。为了给从事现场施工的工程师、施工长及广大高级技术工人提供一本有关施工技术方面的实用性强、内容丰富、系统而全面的施工技术参考资料，我们特编写了此手册。

建筑工程施工测量是贯穿工程项目建设全过程的一项极其重要的技术性工作，可称其是项目具体建造实施的“GPS”。同时，工程测量技能是施工一线工程技术人员必备的岗位能力。 在建筑工程项目施工中， 测量放线是第一道也是必需的工序，也是确保整个工程质量和设计意图的关键工序。随着社会科技的迅速发展，测量仪器及新技术在不断地更新换代， 测量技术人员不仅要熟练使用常规的传统测量工具，还需不断学习和掌握新的测量仪器、 技术及新的测量方法才能完成必须面对的工作。实际工作中，测量放线是一项运用立体几何、平面几何、解析几何等多项知识结合的综合技术，包含有多种技能。测量技术人员真的需要不断学习和总结才能掌握测量中的技巧，才能融会贯通，才能为提高建设工程效益增砖添瓦。

With the improvement of material life and the increase of working pressure, the incidence rate of cholecystitis has been increasing in recent years. It has become a common and frequently occurring disease in the outpatient department of gastroenterology and surgery.

Cholecystitis is often associated with cholelithiasis, which can lead to repeated attacks of biliary colic, as well as biliary tract infection, biliary obstruction, biliary stricture and other complications. The incidence rate of acute suppurative cholecystitis, gangrenous cholecystitis, acute emphysematous cholecystitis, Mirizzi syndrome, Bouveret syndrome and gallbladder perforation is low, but the disease is serious and often endangers the life of patients.

Cholelithiasis is one of the common surgical acute abdomen, which is a kind of disease that clinicians, especially general practitioners, are exposed to. Its etiology is complex, the condition is complex and changeable, in the actual process of diagnosis and treatment often produce more doubts, the development of the disease can not be effectively controlled, easy to cause further aggravation of the disease, and cause serious complications, even life-threatening.
    Although it has been carefully compiled, but after all, the level is limited, there are inevitably deficiencies and even errors, we sincerely ask the readers for criticism and correction.

前 言

随着物质生活水平的提高和工作压力的增大，胆囊炎的发病率近年来呈上升趋势，已成为消化科和外科门诊的常见病、多发病。
      胆囊炎常合并胆石症，可引发反复发作的胆绞痛，还会发生胆道感染、胆道梗阻、胆道狭窄等并发症。急性化脓性胆囊炎、坏疽性胆囊炎、急性气肿性胆囊炎、Mirizzi 综合征、 Bouveret 综合征、胆囊穿孔等并发症发病率虽然较低，但病情严重，常常危及患者生命，应引起重视。
      胆石症是常见的外科急腹症之一，是临床医师尤其是普外科医师接触较多的一类疾病。其病因繁杂，病情复杂多变，在实际诊疗操作过程中往往会产生较多的疑惑，对疾病发展过程无法进行有效地控制，容易造成病情进一步加重，并引起严重的并发症，甚至危及生命。
      虽然进行了精心编写，但是毕竟水平有限，难免有不足甚至错误之处，恳请广大读者批评指正。

Water is the basic element for human survival and the basic guarantee of social and economic development. The problem of drinking water pollution is diverse and complex. To provide safe and high-quality drinking water, water supply enterprises must take appropriate safety measures agaist the entire water supply system, from water sources,
water plants, pipe networks to faucets, and seek systematic technical solutions. The densely placed underground pipe network and secondary water supply system, though located near the end of the water supply system, are the key and weak links for the safe water supply, and also the difficult points in the study of drinking water safety.

    At present, the water quality of urban water supply in our country is generally good when the water is discharged from water plants, but water quality declines, to varying degrees, after entering the water distribution network. This is especially true for China’s current water supply system which uses surface water as the main raw water. Due to water source pollution, the addition of various agents (oxidants, coagulants, disinfectants) in the water purification process, and the technical limitations of the traditional water purification process itself, when the so-called "purified water" enters the water distribution pipe network, it reacted with pipe interior surface during its long time transportation. Many complex physical, chemical and biological interactions occur in this process produce physical deposition, electrochemical corrosion, biofilm growth, biological corrosion and the growth of animalcules etc. At the same time, various corrosion products and microorganisms interact with various disinfectants added to the water, various metal salts and xenobiotic pollutants brought into the factory water during water purification process,causing the water quality of the pipe network to go bad. Various water quality issues concerning water supply network have attracted the attention of relevant experts and industry players. The water quality issue of the water supply network will be a great challenge to water supply industry around the world in 21st century. Water quality assurance technology about water supply network has become a research focus. Research on safe drinking water distribution technology is of great significance for water plants to keep water purification effect and ensure the safety of drinking water at the end of the pipe network.

前 言

水是人类生存的基本要素，是社会和经济发展的基本保障。饮用水水质污染问题具有多样性和复杂性。向用户提供安全优质的饮用水，供水企业必须面向整个供水系统，从水源、水厂、管网到龙头全过程采取相应的安全保障措施，寻求系统化的技术解决方案。而密布于地下的供水管网和二次供水系统虽位于供水系统的末端，却是安全供水中的关键和薄弱环节，同时也是饮用水安全保障研究的难点。
        当前我国城市供水水质在水厂出水时总体是好的，但进入配水管网后就不同程度地发生了水质下降。特别对于我国目前以地表水源为主要原水的供水系统中，由于水源污染、净水工艺中各种药剂的添加（氧化剂、混凝剂、消毒剂）和传统净水工艺本身的技术局限性，致使所谓“净化水”进入配水管网后，在其长时间的输送过程中与管材内表面发生了各种复杂的物理、 化学和生物作用， 并表现为物理沉积、电化学腐蚀、生物膜生长与生物腐蚀及微小动物生长等，同时各种腐蚀产物微生物又与水中投加的各种消毒剂、水质净化过程中带入出厂水的各种金属盐类及外源污染物发生相互作用，从而导致管网水质发生变化，造成管网水质下降。给水管网中出现的各种水质问题已引起有关专家和业者高度重视， 管网水质问题将是 21 世纪对世界各国供水行业的极大挑战，给水管网中的水质保障技术已经成为研究热点。研究饮用水安全输配技术对保持水厂净水效果，保证管网末端饮用水质安全具有重要意义。

Architecture is the main place for human beings to engage in various activities. Population increase, resource shortage, environmental pollution and ecological damage are closely related to human construction activities. As a response to environmental problems, green building has become the mainstream and direction of world architecture
research and development, and has been promoted in many developed countries. In China, the concept of green building began to be familiar to people, and the theoretical research and design practice of green building has become a hot spot in the industry.

   Green building has attracted great attention of the Chinese government, which also indicates that China’s construction industry has ushered in a new era of green building. Green building industry is very large, from the research and development and production of green building materials, the development and application of green building technology, the implementation of green building projects to the operation and management of a series of processes derived a large number of management problems. These management problems are not only brand-new but also urgent to be solved for the majority of project builders.

   Green building technology is an interdisciplinary, cross industry, comprehensive and applied technology. This book combs the basic concept of green building, and analyzes the design, construction and management technology of green building. Combined with the green building related laws and regulations and evaluation system, it plays a positive role in promoting the overall promotion of green construction in China.
   Due to the lack of time and the limited level of the editor, there are inevitably some shortcomings. At the time of publication of this book, we sincerely hope that readers can put forward valuable opinions and suggestions for this book.

前 言

建筑是人类从事各种活动的主要场所。人口增加、资源匮乏、环境污染和生态破坏与人类的建筑活动密切相关。绿色建筑作为建筑界应对环境问题的回应已经成为世界建筑研究与发展的主流与方向，并在不少发达国家实践推广。在中国绿色建筑的概念开始为人们所熟悉、绿色建筑的理论研究和设计实践也已成为业界的热点。
       绿色建筑已经引起中国政府的高度重视，也预示着中国建筑行业迎来了崭新的绿色建筑时代。绿色建筑产业量非常庞大，从绿色建材的研发与生产、绿色建筑技术的开发应用、绿色建筑项目实施到运营管理等一系列过程中衍生出大量的管理问题。这些管理问题对广大的工程建设者来说，不仅是全新的也是迫切需要解决的。
      绿色建筑技术是一门跨学科、跨行业、综合性与应用性都很强的技术。本书梳理了绿色建筑的基本概念，对绿色建筑中的设计与施工及管理技术进行研究分析。结合绿色建筑相关的法律法规及评估体系，对加快我国绿色施工的全面推进起到积极的促进作用。
        由于时间的仓促，编者水平有限，难免存在不足之处，在本书出版之际，我们真诚地希望读者对本书提出宝贵的意见和建议。

Since the first use of ether in clinical anesthesia in the mid-19th century, anesthesiology has undergone 160 years of development. Modern anesthesiology has become a comprehensive clinical subject based on physiology, pathophysiology and pharmacology. Its scope covers clinical anesthesia, emergency resuscitation, severe monitoring and pain treatment and other aspects.In terms of clinical anesthesia, although the anesthesia operation is similar, the operation can involve brain, chest, abdominal cavity and other important organs. More importantly, the operation patients may also be complicated with hypertension, coronary heart disease, diabetes and other organ system diseases, so almost no case of anesthesia treatment is completely the same. Therefore, anesthesiologists should not only be proficient in the theory and technology of clinical anesthesia and monitoring, but also fully understand the physiological, pathological changes and disturbances of surgical patients, as well as the interaction among the three under different conditions. Only in this way can we cope with the ever-changing clinical situation and regulate the internal environment and nuanced links of perioperative patients.

 In recent years, anesthesiology has made rapid development in China, including clinical anesthesia, treatment of critically ill patients and pain treatment. This puts forward higher requirements for clinical anesthesiologists. Anesthesiologists should not only be proficient in the theory and technology of clinical anesthesia and monitoring, and fully grasp the properties and efficacy of various anesthetics, but also have a full understanding of the physiological state, pathological changes and various effects of surgery on patients.
    Anesthesia is a variety of methods to eliminate pain in order to ensure the safety of patients and create good surgical conditions during operation or diagnostic examination. It is also used to control pain. With the rapid development of science and technology, anesthesiology has undergone profound changes in clinical anesthesia, first aid and resuscitation, severe monitoring and pain treatment. The research progress of physiology, pharmacology, pathology, surgery and molecular biology has enriched the theory of anesthesiology and promoted the progress of anesthesia technology.

前 言

自 19 世纪中叶首次将乙醚用于临床麻醉以来，麻醉学已经历了 160 年的发展，现代麻醉学已成为一门以生理、病理生理、药理为基础的综合性临床学科，其范畴涵盖临床麻醉、急救复苏、重症监测以及疼痛治疗等诸多方面。仅就临床麻醉而言，虽然麻醉操作大同小异，但手术可涉及颅脑、心胸、腹腔等重要器官，更为重要的是手术病人还可能合并高血压、冠心病、糖尿病等各个器官系统的疾病，因此几乎没有 1 例麻醉的处理完全相同。这就要求麻醉科医师不仅精通临床麻醉及监测的理论和技术，更要充分理解手术病人的生理、病理变化及扰乱，以及不同病情下手术麻醉三者的交互影响。唯此才能应对千变万化的临床情况，才能调控围术期病人的内环境及细致入微的各个环节。
      近年来，我国麻醉学取得飞速的发展，包括临床麻醉、危重病人的处理及疼痛治疗。这就对临床麻醉医师提出了更高的要求，麻醉医师不仅要精通临床麻醉及监测的有关理论和技术，充分掌握各种麻醉药的药性及药效，还要对手术病人的生理状态、病理改变及手术对病人可能产生的各种影响有充分的理解。

麻醉是施行手术或进行诊断性检查时，为保障患者安全、创造良好的手术条件而采取的消除疼痛的各种方法，亦用于控制疼痛。在科技高速发展的今天，麻醉学在临床麻醉、急救复苏、重症监测和疼痛治疗等方面发生了深刻的变化。生理、药理、病理学、外科学和分子生物学的研究进展，更加丰富和充实了麻醉学的理论，促进了麻醉技术的进步。