Forestry engineering project is a decision-making and implementation activity combining forestry investment behavior with forestry construction behavior, which is affected by human, financial, material, time, technology, information and other resources. The project is complex in management and needs to be completed by several units. In order to learn from foreign advanced technology and management experience, Chinese governments at all levels have started a number of forestry construction projects with world bank loans since 1980s. The implementation of these forestry projects with loans from international financial organizations has effectively made up for the lack of investment in forestry and accelerated the cultivation of forest resources in China. More importantly, in the process of using loans from international financial organizations to implement forestry projects, advanced technology and management concepts have been gradually introduced, especially the concept of environmental protection and management has been continuously strengthened. Now the environmental protection work of forestry projects has been improved, and the impact on biodiversity, soil erosion and water and soil pollution has been minimized, gradually achieved the goal of ecological and green, and provided more high-quality ecological products to the society. The implementation of environmental protection measures is very important for the implementation of the concepts of “harmonious coexistence between man and nature”, “respect for nature, conform to nature, protect nature”, and so on. It is the key for forestry construction to step into the road of production development, good ecology, and healthy environment.
        This book mainly introduces the related contents of ecological environment construction system from the perspective of forest resources development and protection. Environmental ecological engineering is a science that studies how to build, restore and repair the ecosystem, and how to manage and strengthen the self purification function of the ecosystem, so as to protect the natural environment and solve the problem of environmental pollution. Environmental ecological engineering is a technical subject to promote the harmonious coexistence of human and nature. Different from environmental engineering, the implementation object of environmental ecological engineering is ecosystem, which uses the basic principles of ecology, the implementation method is the design, management and auxiliary engineering measures of ecosystem, and plays the environmental purification function of ecosystem itself. Therefore, although the reaction rate and pollution control efficiency of environmental ecological engineering are generally low, it can save cost and energy consumption, and has simple management, so it is especially suitable for non-point source pollution control, which is complementary to the environmental engineering technology of point source pollution control.

前 言

林业工程项目是一种林业投资行为和林业建设行为相结合的决策与实施活动，受人力、财力、物力、时间、技术、信息等多种资源的影响；项目在管理上具有复杂性，需要由若干单位共同协作完成。为借鉴国外先进的技术和管理经验，中国各级政府从 20 世纪 80 年代开始，利用世界银行贷款相继启动实施了一批林业工程建设项目，这些国际金融组织贷款林业项目的实施，有效弥补了林业资金投入不足的问题，加快了我国森林资源培育。更重要的是，在利用国际金融组织贷款实施林业项目的过程中，先进的技术与管理理念逐渐被引入，特别是环境保护与管理的理念得到不断强化，现在实施的林业项目的环境保护工作得到了提高，最大限度地降低了对生物多样性、水土流失、水土资源污染的影响，逐步实现了生态、绿色的目标，给社会提供了更多的优质生态产品。环保措施的落实对贯彻实施“人与自然和谐共生”“尊重自然、顺应自然、保护自然”等理念至关重要，是林业建设步入生产发展、生态良好、环境健康之途的关键所在。
         本文主要从森林资源开发与保护的角度介绍了生态环境建设体系的相关内容。环境生态工程是研究如何新建、恢复、修复生态系统，以及如何管理、强化生态系统的自净功能，从而保护自然环境和解决环境污染问题的一门学问。环境生态工程是促进人类与自然的和谐共存的一门技术学科。与环境工程不同，环境生态工程的实施对象为生态系统，运用的是生态学的基本原理，实施方法为生态系统的设计、管理以及辅助性的工程学措施， 发挥的是生态系统本身具有的环境净化功能。 因此，环境生态工程尽管反应速率和治污效率一般较低，但节省成本和能量消耗，管理简单，特别适合于面源污染治理，从而与治理点源污染的环境工程技术形成互补。

The common diseases of crops in China include rice planthopper, powdery mildew, wheat rust, rice sheath blight and rice blast. The common pests include cotton bollworm, cotton aphid, wheat aphid and locust, which have seriously affected the agricultural production in China. In order to reduce the damage of diseases and pests to crops, it is necessary to implement comprehensive control. Integrated control is to use natural control, coordinate the use of all appropriate technologies, control and maintain the pest population below the allowable level of economic damage. Only when the pest density exceeds the limit of allowable level, can we seek the chemical control measures.
          In the application of chemical pesticides to control diseases and insect pests, we should not only consider the selection of effective, safe, economic and convenient varieties, strive to improve the control effect, but also avoid the occurrence of drug pests. We should not only carry out pollution-free production, but also take into account the protection of the soil environment and prevent the destruction of natural resources. At present, there are still many problems in pest control, such as untimely timing, unscientific methods, improper selection of pesticides, inaccurate dosage, untimely medication, incorrect medication methods, and medication at the sight of diseases and insects, which result in labor-consuming, drug-consuming, heavy pollution, rapid increase of pest resistance, and serious harm to crops. In order to publicize and popularize pesticide knowledge and scientific prevention and control of crop diseases and insect pests, promote agricultural science and technology workers and farmers to understand scientific prevention and control technology of crop diseases and insect pests in time, and better serve modern agricultural production, we organized the compilation of the book. The purpose is to give full play to the positive role of pesticides in modern agricultural production, effectively do a good job in the prevention and control of crop diseases and insect pests, and make a modest contribution to the virtuous cycle and sustainable development of agriculture.

前 言

我国农作物常见的病害包括稻飞虱、白粉病、小麦锈病、稻纹枯病、稻瘟病，常见的虫害包括棉铃虫、棉蚜、麦蚜、蝗虫等，它们已经严重影响了我国农业生产。为了减少病虫害对农作物的侵害，就要对其实施综合防治。综合防治就是利用自然控制，协调运用一切适当的技术，把有害生物的种群数量控制和维持在经济受害允许水平以下，只有当有害生物密度超过规定的受害允许水平界限时，才谋求化学药剂的防治措施。
       在应用化学农药防治病虫害时，既要考虑选择有效、安全、经济、方便的品种，力求提高防治效果，也要避免产生药害，进行无公害生产，还要兼顾对土壤环境的保护，防止对自然资源破坏。当前各地在病虫害防治中，还存在着防病治虫时机不及时、方法不科学、药剂选择不当、用药剂量不准、用药不适时、用药方法不正确、见病见虫就用药等许多问题，造成了费工、费药、污染重、有害生物抗药性迅速增强、对作物危害严重的后果。为了宣传普及农药知识和科学防治农作物病虫害，促使农业科技工作者与广大农民朋友及时了解农作物病虫害科学防治技术，更好地为现代农业生产服务，我们组织编写了该书。目的在于发挥好农药在现代农业生产中的积极作用，切实搞好农作物病虫害防治工作，为农业良性循环和可持续发展尽些微薄之力。

In recent years, with the decline of TV power on rate and audience rating, the TV advertising market has entered a bottleneck period, especially when the advertising revenue of terrestrial TV channels has plunged into a precipice. The development of traditional radio and television industry is becoming more and more difficult step by step. The influence of public opinion of new media based on the Internet is increasing day by day. The growth rate of advertising is far more than that of traditional media. Its economic strength and expansion force surpass the faltering traditional media with great advantages. All of these bring great challenges to radio and television media. Of course, the rapid development of all kinds of new media brings challenges and impacts to the traditional radio and television, but also gives the traditional radio and television the enlightenment of transformation. The transformation of traditional radio and television media and the rise of new media have spawned and promoted media convergence. Traditional radio and television media are making "genetically modified" changes with the help of the Internet, and the development of the integration of traditional radio and television and new media is also advancing with unprecedented strength. With the rapid development of media technology and the emergence of all kinds of new media, human beings have entered the Internet era, and the integration of all kinds of media is gradually deepening. Where is the radio and television media as a traditional media? How can radio and television media build their own core competitiveness in the trend of media convergence? What is the future of radio and television media? These problems have become a hot topic in the radio and television industry and theoretical circles.
          Based on the analysis of a large number of literature on “media convergence” since the new century, and combined with the actual development of China’s radio and television media, this book discusses the reform and development of China’s Radio and television media under the environment of media convergence. This book is roughly divided into the impact and countermeasures of media convergence on radio and television content production, the impact and countermeasures of media convergence on radio and television channel positioning and arrangement, media convergence and radio and television copyright management and operation, the impact and countermeasures of media convergence on radio and television industry, the impact and countermeasures of media convergence on radio and television production and broadcasting process and internal management, the research on talent training and corporate culture construction of radio and television media under the background of media convergence, etc.

前 言

近年来，电视开机率下降、收视率下滑，电视广告市场进入瓶颈期，特别是地面电视频道大面积出现广告收入断崖式跳水，传统广电行业的发展一步步趋向困难。而以互联网为基础的新媒体舆论影响力日渐增强， 广告增幅远远超过传统媒体，其经济实力和扩张力以很大的优势超越着步履蹒跚的传统媒体。 这些都给广电传媒带来很大的挑战。当然，各类新媒体迅猛发展给传统广电带来挑战和冲击的同时，也给传统广电以转型的启示。传统广电媒体的转型和新媒体的兴起，催生并促进了媒介融合，传统广电媒体借力互联网正做出“转基因”式的变革，传统广电与新媒体的融合发展也以前所未有的力度在推进。随着传媒技术的迅猛发展和各类新媒体的层出不穷，人类进入互联网时代，各类媒介之间的融合逐渐深入，作为传统媒体存在的广电传媒何去何从？广电传媒如何在媒介融合的大势中打造自身的核心竞争力？广电传媒将拥有怎样的未来？这些问题成为广电业界和理论界关注的热门话题。
         本书在分析梳理新世纪以来关于“媒介融合”的大量文献资料基础上，结合我国广电传媒发展实际， 对媒介融合环境下我国广电传媒的改革与发展问题展开探讨。本书大致分成媒介融合对广电内容生产的影响及对策、媒介融合对广电频道定位及编排的影响及对策、媒介融合与广电版权管理及运营、媒介融合对广电产业的影响及对策、媒介融合对广电制播流程与内部管理的影响及对策、媒介融合背景下广电传媒人才培养和企业文化建设研究等几个方面来进行。

With the rapid development of today’s society, the progress of urbanization is accelerating. There are more and more vehicles on the road, followed by the increasing number of roads and bridges, which makes people travel more convenient and greatly promotes the economic development and the progress of urbanization. However, the increase in the number of roads and bridges has also brought some problems. Most of the road and bridge projects are subject to strict engineering quality control in the early stage of construction, but to a certain extent, they despise the management and maintenance in the later stage, resulting in a large number of road and bridge projects not reaching the expected goal, and even seriously threatening people’s lives and property safety.
         Roads and bridges are closely related to people’s daily traffic. Only when the quality of roads and bridges is guaranteed can the city’s traffic run smoothly. With the continuous increase of traffic flow, it will not only cause the occurrence of highway bridge disease, but also make its continuous development and deterioration, reaching an uncontrollable level, seriously affecting the service life of the road and bridge, the safety of people’s life and property, the convenience of traffic and the image of the city. In the process of maintenance and management of road and bridge, there are many problems, such as unreasonable preliminary design of road and bridge project, lack of funds, backward technology and incomplete management, which will affect the service life of highway bridge and shorten its service life. Therefore, it is very necessary to take scientific and reasonable measures to improve the maintenance and management of highway bridges.
        The maintenance of roads and bridges plays an important role in promoting urban construction, providing convenience for people to travel and ensuring the safety of people’s lives and property. The road and bridge maintenance project needs to keep up with the development of the times, increase the attention of the masses to the road and bridge maintenance work, introduce new technology, increase supervision, increase capital investment, and ensure the healthy development of China’s road and bridge cause.

前 言

随着当今社会的快速发展，城市化进度不断加快，道路上行驶的车辆也越来越多，随之而来的就是路桥的数量在不断的增加，使人们的出行更加便利，也极大的促进了经济的发展和城市化的进度。但是路桥数量的增加也带来了一些问题，大多的路桥项目在建筑的前期受到严格的工程质量把关，却在一定程度上轻视了后期的管理和养护，导致大量的路桥工程达不到预期目标，甚至严重的威胁到了人们的生命以及财产安全。
       道路桥梁与人们日常的通行息息相关，道路桥梁的质量得到保障才能使城市的交通有不紊的运行。随着交通流量的不断增加，不仅会引起公路桥梁病害问题的发生，还会使其不断的发展恶化，达到不可控制的地步，严重影响路桥的使用寿命、人们的生命财产安全、交通的便利以及城市的形象。在路桥的养护管理过程中，存在很多的问题，如路桥项目的前期设计不合理、资金的缺乏、技术的落后、管理工作的不完备，都会使公路桥梁的使用年限受到影响，寿命极度缩短。所以，采取科学合理的措施，完善对公路桥梁的养护管理是十分必要的。
       路桥的养护工作对推动城市建设，提供人们便利出行以及保障人们的生命财产安全都起到很重要的作用。路桥养护工程需要紧跟时代发展，加大群众对路桥养护工作的重视程度，引进新型技术，加大监管力度，加大资金投入，保障我国路桥事业的健康发展。

Since the reform and opening up, the construction industry has been booming. The complexity and comprehensiveness of modern road engineering construction has caused various problems and situations that need to be solved in the engineering construction practice. New management methods keep emerging and gradually eliminate the old management mode. Therefore, modernized new theories, methods and means must be studied and adopted in the practice. With the guide of the problems, experience and lessons need to be constantly summarized in order to improve the management level of road engineering project. This requires that the managers of road construction projects should be the compound talents with strategic vision and comprehension of technology and management. In order to turn into this kind of compound talents, the managers of the projects need to accumulate wide experience and have a good understanding and mastery of the construction project management theories and methods. Therefore, systematic theoretical study is of great importance. Through understanding, it is known that road construction engineering management is a one-time management enterprise with specific objectives, resources, time limit and complex professional engineering and technology as well as the high-level, scientific and systematic management activities for the whole process of the project. 

        In the specific construction links of road and bridge, the improvement of management quality is directly related to the safety and performance of the road and bridge engineering. Therefore, to ensure the management of road and bridge construction to the greatest extent is a crucial prerequisite and the key link of the construction management process, especially in the era of rapid population expansion and increasingly serious traffic congestion.
        The construction of road, bridge and tunnel is the key component of the project. Its construction is difficult because of the poor conditions and the different literacy level of the staff. Therefore, current management of the construction engineering is facing the big challenge. This book shows the research of the key points of road and bridge construction management technology from the aspects of environment, materials, equipment and personnel hoping to offer some reference to ensure the smooth completion of the road and bridge project construction. 

前 言

改革开放以来建筑业蓬勃发展，现代公路工程建设的复杂性和综合性使得工程建设实践中出现了很多需要解决的情况和问题，新的管理方法不断推陈出新，逐步淘汰陈旧的管理模式，因此，必须在实践中研究和采用现代化的新理论，应用新方法和手段，以问题为导向，不断总结经验教训，提高公路工程项目的管理水平，这就要求公路施工项目管理者是有战略眼光并且懂技术和管理的复合型人才，但这既取决于公路施工项目管理人员的经验积累，也取决于项目管理人员对施工项目管理理论与方法掌握和理解的深度，所以，系统的理论学习有重要意义。通过了解可以知道，公路施工项目管理是一种具有特定目标、资源及时间限制和复杂的专业工程技术背景的一次性管理事业，是对工程项目全过程进行的高水平的、科学的、系统的管理活动。
        在道路和桥梁的具体施工环节，提升管理质量与道路桥梁工程的安全性和使用性能都有着至关重要的直接联系，所以，在最大程度上有效确保道路和桥梁施工建设的管理工作，是其中至关重要的前提条件，尤其是在人口迅速膨胀、交通阻塞问题日益严重的当下，从根本上有效确保道路和桥梁施工建设管理，成为施工建设管理过程中的关键环节。
       道路桥梁、隧道施工属于项目建设中的关键构成项目施工较为困难，条件比较差，且工作人员的素养水平存在较大差异，所以现今施工建设管理工作存在较大挑战。此文通过环境、材料、设备以及人员对道路与桥梁建设管理技术要点展开研究，期望可以提供一定借鉴参考保证道路桥梁项目施工建设顺利完成。