City is the center of political, economic, technological and cultural activities in  modern society. Accelerating urbanization and urban growth has been the most powerful  and lasting trend in modern society. China has entered a new stage of accelerated  development of urbanization. Great changes are taking place in both the denotative  expansion and the connotative development of cities. In the key stage of China’s urban  comprehensive development, how to promote the healthy development of cities in  different scales and grades, how to use the market mechanism to enhance the  competitiveness of the city, how to reasonably and effectively play the city’s functions to  meet the needs of citizens in various fields such as material economy, social culture,  security and even ecological environment, and how to actively explore and improve the  urban management system and operation mechanism, promoting the coordinated  development of urban planning, construction and management and others are practical  issues in the theoretical research and practical work of municipal management.  With the rapid development of the city, construction technology has become  particularly important. The content of municipal administration has also been expanded.  The government needs to do a good job in the planning, construction and management of  the city, strengthen the construction of various public facilities, carry out comprehensive  environmental improvement, guide and promote the specialized cooperation,  reorganization and union, technological transformation and management modernization of  enterprises, guide and promote the rational circulation of materials and commodities, and  do a good job in culture, education, health and society social welfare and various services,  promote the construction of spiritual civilization, these are important public affairs in the  city. Municipal management and construction technology is an important part in the  development of urbanization, which runs through the whole process of urban development.  Therefore, the main factors of building a civilized city are to standardize the content of  municipal management and improve the level of construction technology. 

前 言  

城市是现代社会政治、经济、科技、文化活动的中心，不断加快的城市化与城 市增长一直是现代社会最有力、最持久的趋势。中国已经进入城市化加速发展的新 阶段，无论是城市的外延扩张还是内涵发展都在发生重大的变革。在中国城市全面 发展的关键阶段，如何推进不同规模等级的城市健康发展，如何利用市场机制提升 城市的竞争力，如何合理有效地发挥城市功能，满足市民在物质经济、社会文化、 安全保障乃至生态环境等各个领域的需求，以及如何积极探索和改善城市管理体制 和运行机制，促进城市规划、建设和管理协调发展，诸如此类的问题都是市政管理 的理论研究和实践工作的现实课题。 施工技术伴随着城市的快速发展变得尤为重要。市政的内容也由于城市发展得 到扩充，城市政府需要做好城市的规划、建设和管理，加强各种公用设施的建设， 进行环境的综合整治，指导和促进企业的专业化协作、改组联合、技术改造和经营 管理现代化，指导和促进物资和商品的合理流通，搞好文教、卫生、社会福利事业 和各项服务事业，促进精神文明的建设等，这些都成为城市中重要的公共事务。市 政管理与施工技术是城市化发展中的重要内容，它贯穿于城市发展的整个过程中， 由此，规范化市政管理内容，提高施工技术水平是建设文明城市的主要因素。

As the infrastructure of the city, municipal engineering has an important social  function, not only related to the people's clothing, food, housing, transportation, but also  affects the construction of urban political, economic and cultural environment. The  technical disclosure is a very important technical management work for construction  enterprises. Its purpose is to make the technical personnel and workers involved in the  construction of the construction project familiar with and understand the characteristics of  the project, design intent, technical requirements, management and other issues that should  be paid attention to. With the construction and investment scale of municipal infrastructure  engineering projects expanding year by year, in order to strengthen the standardized  management of engineering data and improve the engineering technology level and  management level, we organized and compiled this book.  In the process of compiling, we followed the guiding principle of “combining with  reality, strengthening management, process control and reasonable classification”,  according to the current relevant national laws, regulations, norms and regulations, and  referring to relevant local standards and other documents, we solicited the opinions of  relevant units and experts, combined with the characteristics of municipal infrastructure  engineering. We also take into account the development trend of municipal infrastructure  construction project management, strive to combine theory with practice, pay attention to  the summary of construction practice experience, and integrate the contents of the new  specification to make it easy to understand, reflecting knowledge, authority, foresight,  applicability and operability.  In order to ensure the practicability, advanced nature and foresight of the book, we  have learned and quoted some reference materials from abroad. During the compilation of  this book, some engineers and technicians who have worked hard in the front-line of  engineering construction have also provided us with a great deal of valuable technical data  for construction project management. At the same time, due to the short writing time, it is  inevitable that the contents of the series are omitted or unsatisfactory. We sincerely hope  that the readers can make criticism and correction. 

前 言  

市政工程作为城市的基础设施，有着重要的社会功能，不仅关系到市民的衣、 食、住、行，还影响到城市政治、经济、文化环境的建设。而技术交底是施工企业 极为重要的一项技术管理工作，其目的是使参与建筑工程施工的技术人员与工人熟 悉和了解所承担的工程项目的特点、设计意图、技术要求、各项管理工作等，应注 意的问题。随着市政基础设施工程项目建设和投资规模逐年扩大，为了加强工程资 料的规范化管理、提高工程技术水平和管理水平，我们组织编写了这本。 在编写过程中我们按照“结合实际、强化管理、过程控制、合理分类”的指导 原则，依据国家现行相关的法律、法规、规范、规程，并参考了相关地方标准等文 件，征求了相关单位和专家的意见，结合市政基础设施工程专业特点，并考虑到市 政基础设施建设工程管理的发展趋势进行编写，力求理论与实际相结合，注重施工 实践经验的总结，并将新规范的内容融会贯通，做到通俗易懂，体现知识性、权威 性、前瞻性、适用性和可操作性。 为保证本书的实用性、先进性、前瞻性，在本书编写过程中，我们吸取、引用 了国外有关的参考资料，部分工程项目管理的专业人员和奋战在工程建设一线的技 术人员也给我们提供了大量有参考价值的施工项目管理技术资料，在此表示衷心感 谢。同时，由于编写时间仓促，丛书内容疏漏或不如人意之处在所难免，恳请广大 读者批评指正。

With the process of industrialization and urbanization, our country has made  remarkable achievements in economic construction. However, due to the recombination of  labor, changes in people’s values, changes in family structure and demographic structure,  and intensified social competition that occurred during this process, the psychological  stress factors in people’s lives have increased, causing new spiritual and behavior  problems for human beings. In order to help us adapt to the changes of the mental illness  problems in our country and the new requirements for relevant prevention and treatment,  the editors, based on their own clinical experience for years, compiled this book, Research  on Diagnosis, Treatment and Nursing Practice of Practical Psychiatric Disease. During the compiling process, the editors paid attention to the reference to a large  number of relevant professional literature, concisely explained the etiology and  classification of mental disorders, symptoms of mental disorders, diagnosis, treatment and  nursing of organic mental disorders, mental disorders caused by psychoactive substances,  schizophrenia, mood disorders, neurosis, etc. This book, concise and easy to read, can be  used for reference by psychiatrists, nurses, and trainees. 

前 言  

随着工业化、都市化的进程，我国在经济建设上取得了举世瞩目的成就。但在 此过程中，由于劳动力的重新组合，价值观念的改变，家庭结构和人口结构的变化 及社会竞争不断加剧，导致人们生活中的心理应激因素增加，带来了新的精神心理 和行为问题。为适应我国精神疾病的变化和对防治工作提出的新要求，编者结合自 身多年的临床工作经验撰写了这本《实用精神科疾病诊疗与护理实践研究》。 在编写过程中，编者注重参阅大量相关专业文献，简明扼要地阐述精神障碍的 病因与分类，精神障碍的症状，脑器质性精神障碍的诊疗与护理，精神活性物质所 致精神障碍的诊疗与护理，精神分裂症的诊疗与护理，心境障碍的诊疗与护理，神 经症的诊疗与护理等。本书简明扼要，便于阅读查看，可供精神科医师、护士、进 修人员查阅参考。

Compared with other diseases, mental disorders emphasize more on  “patient-centered” rather than “disease-centered”, and need more individualized treatment.  In particular, psychotherapy and psychosocial therapy are still in the stage of introduction  and digestion in China. While standardizing the clinical work of psychiatry department,  we must pay attention to the specific situation of specific patients.  China is the country with the largest number of people suffering from mental illness  in the world. The root causes of mental illness are extremely complex, and the complex  factors are more complex than any other country in the world. The behaviors of self  mutilation, suicide, harming others and harming society due to serious mental illness  emerge in endlessly, and even have a gradually increasing trend in recent years. This kind  of national mental state puts forward strong challenges and higher requirements for the  medical workers in our country to protect people’s health. However, most of the medical  workers in our country do not have the ability to cope with the challenges and perform the  corresponding responsibilities. They are not competent for this kind of responsibility and  can not meet the health needs of the people, which requires the medical workers to  enhance their ability in this aspect, and learn to improve this knowledge. In addition, the  gradual expansion of the liberalization of medical practice of professional doctors in China  liberates the productivity of doctors, promotes the development of doctors, and improves  the income of doctors, which requires doctors to continuously improve their  comprehensive quality, enhance their sense of honor, and meet the needs of patients.  Especially in the treatment of patients with mental illness, we should quickly enhance our  ability to solve this problem. This book is suitable for mental health professionals, medical  staff in other departments and people who are interested in psychiatry. 

前 言  

精神障碍与其他疾病相比，更加强调“以病人为中心”，而不是“以疾病为中 心”，更需要治疗的个体化。特别是心理治疗及心理社会治疗，在我国仍处于引进 和消化阶段。精神科的临床工作，在规范化的同时，必须注意具体病人的具体情况。 我国是世界上患有精神疾病人口最多的国家，国民罹患精神疾病的根源是极其 复杂的，其复杂因素超过世界上其他任何一个国家应有的程度；因患严重精神疾病 而自残、自杀、伤害他人、危害社会的行为层出不穷，近年来甚至有逐渐增加的趋 势。这种国民精神状况对我国的医务工作者保护人民健康的职责提出了强烈的挑战 和更高的要求,但我国的大多数医务工作者都还不具备应对这种挑战和履行相应职 责的能力，胜任不了这种职责,满足不了国民的健康需要,这就要求医务工作者迅速增 强这方面的能力,学习提高这方面的知识；再加上我国职业医师行医自由化的逐步扩 大,解放了医生的生产力,促进了医生的发展,提高了医生的收益,这就要求医生必须不 断提高综合素质,增强荣誉感，满足患者需要。特别是在对待有精神疾病的患者,在这 个问题上更应迅速增强这方面的解决能力；本书正是这样一部既适合精神卫生专业 人员阅读，也适合其他各科医务人员及对精神病学有兴趣的人士参阅。

On the basis of surgery as the main treatment, neurosurgery applies unique  neurosurgical research methods to study the injury, inflammation, tumor, malformation of  human nervous system and its related subsidiary organs, as well as some genetic  metabolic disorders or functional disorders. It is a high-level, precise and advanced subject.  Since the beginning of the 21st century, the clinical and basic research of neurosurgery and  the popularization and application of new technologies have made rapid development and  great changes. For complex diseases of nervous system, due to the improvement of  detection methods and the continuous update of surgical technology, the level of diagnosis  and treatment has made great progress.  This book focuses on cerebrovascular diseases, brain tumors and neurosurgical  interventional treatment. In the compilation, we pay special attention to the elaboration of  the theoretical basis and the guidance of clinical practice, and combine with the latest  development at home and abroad, the content is full and accurate, concise and clear. The  content of this book is clear, thorough, easy to read and understand, and hope to bring help  to the majority of Neurosurgery medical workers. 

前 言  

神经外科是在手术为主要治疗手段的基础上，应用独特的神经外科学研究方 法，研究人体神经系统以及与之相关的附属机构的损伤、炎症、肿瘤、畸形和某些 遗传代谢障碍或功能紊乱等疾病的一门临床外科专科，是一门高、精、尖学科。进 入 21 世纪以来，神经外科学的临床与基础研究和新技术的推广应用，都有了迅速的 发展和巨大改变。对于神经系统复杂病症来说，由于检测手段的改进以及手术技术 的不断更新，使诊治水平有了很大的进展。 本书重点介绍了脑血管疾病、颅脑肿瘤及神经外科介入治疗等多方面的内容。 在编写时，特别注重对理论基础的阐述和对临床实践的指导，并结合国内外最新发 展动态，内容翔实、简洁明了。所述及的内容清楚、透彻，易读易懂。希望能给广 大的神经外科医护工作者带来帮助。