Can we imagine that there is no beauty in human life? For example, the house only needs to keep off the wind and rain, the clothes only need to be warm and durable, and the utensils only need to be practical and durable. Maybe people can endure such a life for a short time under special conditions, but in the long run, the human heart will be exhausted, they will no longer have the motivation to pursue ideals, and human society will collapse. This kind of human life is incredible. Especially in 21st century, almost everywhere in our life is permeated with the factors of beauty and art: street greening, lighting layout, decoration and music of shopping malls and shopping centers, commodity design and packaging, overwhelming advertising, as well as fitness, tourism, plastic surgery are all related to beauty.
  Modern Chinese uses “perfect” and “happy” to refer to the ideal state that people desire, which uniquely shows that beauty is the constituent element of the highest value. From the word “beautiful”, we can deeply appreciate the meanings of such words as “Virtue”, “good name”, “good tale” and “good wish”, and then we can understand the motivation, way and result of human society’s praising behavior. We need not only “good”, which is ethically beneficial to others and society, but also “beauty”. Therefore, from the perspective of today’s civilized society, beauty is not only a kind of sensory enjoyment, but also a kind of spiritual enlightenment and life realm.

前 言

我们能够设想人类的生活中没有美一例如房子只要挡风遮雨、衣服只要保暖耐穿、器物只要实用坚固等这样的生活吗？也许，人在特殊的条件下可以短时间忍受这样的生活，但从长久来看，这样的人类生活是不可思议的。因为人类的心灵将因此而枯竭，不再有追求理想的动力，人类社会将由此陷于瘫痪。特别是在 21 世纪的今天，我们的生活中几乎无处不渗透着美、艺术的因素：街道绿化、灯光布置，商场和购物中心的装饰和音乐，商品设计及其包装、铺天盖地的广告，以及健美、旅游、整容，无不与美观、漂亮有关。

现代汉语以“完美”“美满”来指称人所希求的理想状态，颇为独特地说明了美是最高价值的构成要素。我们从“美好”一词去深入体味诸如“美德”“美名”“美谈”“美意”等词语的含义，便会理解人类社会褒扬的行为动机和行为方式以及行为结果，不只是需要“好”一伦理上有益于他人、社会的“善”，而且还需要“美”。因此，从今天文明社会来看，美不仅仅是人的一种感官享受，同时也是一种精神启迪和生活境界。

Construction engineering is a complex and comprehensive project. In the construction process of construction engineering, it should fully rely on the fine construction management, fully implement the concept of green construction management, fully improve the overall effect of construction management and fully promote the comprehensive and rapid development of construction industry. In the construction of construction engineering, actively implementing the green management concept and innovating the green management methods can not only guarantee the construction project high quality construction and construction benefits, but also optimize its ecological and environmental benefits.
  Green construction management can be defined as the construction management technology to minimize adverse impact of construction management activities on the environment, reduce the consumption of resources and energy and achieve sustainable development through effective management system and work system. Green construction application is the application of the thought of sustainable development in engineering construction management. It is the comprehensive application of green construction management technology. Green construction technology is not a new technology fully independent from the traditional construction management technology. It is a re-examination of traditional construction technology from a sustainable perspective; it is a construction management technology that follows the strategy of sustainable development.
  In the practice of construction engineering, the continuous increase of building energy consumption greatly affects the sustainable and rapid development of the construction industry. In order to improve the development quality and ecological environmental benefits of construction industry, we should actively and comprehensively implement the concept of green construction management, adopt scientific and efficient green construction methods and countermeasures and better improve the overall level of green construction management.

前 言

建筑工程是系统复杂的综合性工程，在建筑工程的建设过程中，应该充分全面依托于精细化的施工管理，全面贯彻落实绿色施工管理的理念，全方位提升建筑施工管理的整体成效，全方位推动建筑行业的全面快速发展。在建筑工程建设中，积极践行绿色管理理念，全面创新绿色管理方法，不仅能够整体保障建筑工程的施工质量，充分保障它的建设效益，还能够更好的优化它的生态环保效益。
       绿色施工管理可以定义为通过切实有效的管理制度和工作制度，最大程度地减少施工管理活动对环境的不利影响，减少资源与能源的消耗，实现可持续发展的施工管理技术。绿色施工管理是可持续发展思想在工程施工管理中的应用体现，是绿色施工管理技术的综合应用。绿色施工管理技术并不是独立于传统施工管理技术的全新技术，而是用“可持续”的眼光对传统施工管理技术的重新审视，是符合可持续发展战略的施工管理技术。
      在建筑工程开展实践中，建筑能耗的不断增加，在很大程度上影响着建筑行业的持续快速发展。为全方位提升建筑行业的发展质量以及生态环保效益，应该积极全面践行绿色施工管理理念，科学高效的采用绿色施工管理方法和对策，更好的提升绿色施工管理的整体水平。

The World Health Organization (WHO) interprets the new concept of health for the world, and has established a standard for measuring the quality of life and human health, and oral health is listed here. Oral health is one of the important signs of human modern civilization. In the society with reform and opening up policy, communications and contacts among people have become more frequent. As a part of people’s appearance, teeth have their own unique charm. White teeth, fresh breath and brilliant smiles have objectively become one of the important factors affecting people’s choices of careers, spouse and job.
  Modern medical research has proved that oral diseases may cause chronic enteritis, intestinal tuberculosis and other gastrointestinal and digestive diseases, as well as many systemic diseases such as diabetes, canker, headache, sepsis, arthritis, rheumatic heart disease, myocarditis, endocarditis, bronchitis, pharyngitis, tonsillitis, pneumonia, chronic nephritis, Alzheimer's disease and cancer.
  It should be especially reminded that the oral disease status of white-collar workers aged 26 to 35 is significantly higher than that of white-collar workers in other age groups. Besides, oral cancer, the deadly killer of oral diseases, is also showing a younger trend year by year. Oral diseases can cause toothache, decreased chewing function, poor development, affect facial appearance, and affect people's social communication and psychological behavior. And what's worse, the germs of oral diseases can also cause systemic diseases and become the chief offender for many system diseases, seriously affecting the quality of human life.
  Life needs conservation. Since oral health is related to the quality of life, the conservation of life must start with oral health. In this sense, it can be said that investing in oral health is to appreciate and respect life.

前 言

世界卫生组织（WHO）为全球诠释了健康新概念，并树立了衡量生命质量及人体健康的标准，口腔健康被列入其中。口腔健康，是人类现代文明的重要标志之一。在改革开放的社会里，人们之间的交流和接触更趋频繁，作为人的外表形象的一部分，牙齿有着其独特的魅力，洁白的牙齿、清新的口气和灿烂的笑容，客观上已成为人们职业选择、配偶选择和工作选择的重要影响因素之一。
       现代医学研究证明， 口腔疾病可引起慢性肠炎、 肠结核炎等胃肠消化系统疾病，以及糖尿病、溃疡病、头痛、败血症、关节炎、风湿性心脏病、心肌炎、心内膜炎、支气管炎、咽喉炎、扁桃体炎、肺炎、慢性肾炎、老年痴呆症和癌症等全身疾病。尤须提醒的是，年龄在 26~35 岁的白领口腔疾病状况，明显高于其他年龄段的白领群体。不仅如此，口腔疾病中的致命杀手口腔癌，也逐年呈年轻化趋势。口腔疾病
不仅引起牙疼、咀嚼功能下降、发育不良、影响面部美观、对人的社会交流和心理行为产生影响，更可怕的是，口腔疾病的病菌还会引发全身性系统疾病，成为许多系统疾病的罪魁祸首，严重影响人的生命质量。
       生命需要养护，因为口腔健康关乎生命质量，所以，养护生命必须从口腔保健做起。从这个意义上可以说，重视口腔健康的投资，就是对生命的敬畏与尊重。

Project quality management is the planning, organization, command, coordination and control activities to ensure the quality of the project meets the requirements. In order to strengthen the quality management of construction projects, ensure the quality of construction projects and protect the safety of people’s lives and properties, the State
Council issued The Regulations on The Quality Management of Construction Projects on January 30, 2000 according to The Construction Law of the People’s Republic of China. This is the main administrative regulation for the construction project quality supervision and management, such as new construction, expansion and reconstruction.
  Construction facilities need to strengthen the quality control from the design stage, and the quality control measures in the design stage are generally issued by the enterprise managers on the overall intention and direction of quality. The construction of a stable and scientific quality policy, as the program of quality management activities, is generally reflected in the form of documents, Quality planning is committed to setting quality objectives and specifying necessary operation process and related resources to achieve quality objectives. Based on the quality policy, it determines the quality objective and takes a series of measures to achieve the objective, including identifying and determining the necessary operation process and allocating the required resources, so as to ensure the expected quality objective.
  In addition, the specific construction process should strengthen the quality assurance measures. Construction is a process of transforming the scheme into reality. Strengthening the quality and safety management in the construction process will help the enterprise to successfully complete the task, enhance the enterprise’s economic and competitive ability, and promote the healthy development of society.

前 言

工程质量管理是为确保项目的质量满足要求而进行的计划、组织、指挥、协调和控制等活动。为了加强对建设工程质量的管理，保证建设工程质量，保护人民生命和财产安全，根据《中华人民共和国建筑法》，国务院于 2000 年 1 月 30 日发布了《建设工程质量管理条例》，这是建设工程的新建、扩建、改建等有关活动及实施对建设工程质量监督管理的主要行政法规。
      建筑设施从设计阶段便需要开始加强对质量控制，设计阶段质量控制措施一般由企业管理者正式发布的关于质量方面的全部意图和方向。构建具有一定的稳定性和科学性质量方针，作为组织质量管理活动的纲领，质量方针一般以文件的形式加以体现；质量策划致力于制定质量目标并规定必要的运行过程和相关资源，以实现质量目标。它建立在质量方针的基础上，确定质量目标，并为实现该目标采取一系列措施，统筹安排，包括识别和确定必要的作业过程，配置所需的资源，从而确保达到预期的质量目标。
      此外，具体施工过程更应加强质量保障措施，施工是将方案转化为实际的一个过程，加强施工过程中的质量与安全管理有助于企业顺利完成任务，提升企业经济和竞争能力，并促进社会健康发展。

Nowadays, with the continuous development of social economy, the number of construction projects is rising rapidly and the speed of urbanization is accelerating. As a construction project, building construction is different from other projects. It has a strong complexity and comprehensiveness. Because of these unique attributes, the construction process of construction engineering is bound to encounter many risks. The cost of the project occupies a fundamental position in the construction process of the project. Therefore, the construction unit must effectively manage the risk of project cost.
  In construction enterprises, there are various methods of the audit of project cost budget and the audit methods adopted by the audit units of different enterprises are not the same. However, the key points of the audit of construction project cost budget focus on arranging the preliminary work of project budget audit, auditing in strict accordance with the supervision provisions of construction project budget audit, rational use of computer technology and so on.
  There is a great connection between the orderly development of construction projects and the cost risk, which directly affect the efficiency and decision-making of the projects. At present, our country is in a new period of national development; the construction investment is continuously rising. In order to obtain sufficient benefits and
ensure the smooth progress of the project, the project construction risk must be fully considered. Therefore, project cost risk management must be actively carried out. In China, the theoretical research on the project cost risk is relatively backward, so the relevant staff must focus on its in-depth research to promote the further development of risk management.

前 言

现阶段，社会经济的不断发展，城市化建设速度加快，建筑工程数量急剧上涨。作为施工项目，建筑工程不同于其他项目，它具有极强的复杂性与综合性，因为这些独特的属性，建筑工程的建设过程必然会对遭遇诸多风险。而工程造价在工程建设过程中占据基础性地位，因此建筑单位必须切实工程造价风险管理。
      建筑企业中，工程造价预算的审核办法各型各样，且各个企业的审核单位之间所采用的审核方法也不尽相同。然而，建筑工程造价预算的审核工作要点集中在安排工程预算审核的前期工作、严格按照建筑工程预算审核监督规定进行审核、合理运用计算机技术等方面。
       建筑工程的有序开展同造价风险之前存在很大的联系，工程造价风险对项目的效益和决策等问题产生最为直接的影响。国家当前正处在全国发展的新时期，建筑投入不断上涨，要想获得足够的效益，保障项目的顺利进行，必须对项目建设风险进行充分地考虑。所以必须积极地开展项目工程造价风险管理。而在我国关于造价风险方面的理论研究相对落后，所以，必须相关工作人员必须着力对其进行深入的研究，推动风险管理的进一步发展。