With the economic development of our country, the number of basic engineering  projects is increasing, which has received widespread attention. For basic engineering  projects, the construction of roads and bridges is particularly important. In recent years,  China has paid more and more attention to the construction of roads and bridges.  Therefore, the construction of roads and bridges has been well developed. However,  during the development process, more and more hidden problems existed in in the design  of road and bridge came to the surface, which have seriously affected the quality of roads  and bridges, and even caused safety accidents. These problems not only endanger people’s  lives, but also bring greater losses to the country’s property. To avoid the increase of safety  accidents, we have to ensure the quality of road and bridge design.  As the advancement of urbanization and modernization pace in our society, roads and  bridges play more and more important roles. They can not only help people travel  conveniently, but also serve as an important channel for communication and trade between  cities, and play a role in promoting social and economic development. Although the  current construction organizations has the corresponding quality awareness and  technical foundation for the construction of roads and bridges, in the design of roads and  bridges, either due to insufficient material configuration or insufficient comprehensive  quality of designers, hidden dangers still exsit in the design of roads and bridges.  As a public infrastructure, roads and bridges provide convenience for people's travel.  However, with the improvement of people's living standards, our requirements for  infrastructure have also increased. In order to improve the quality of roads and bridges,  firstly we need to improve the design of roads and bridges, and then to strengthen the  construction and management of them. 

前 言  

随着我国经济的发展，基础工程项目建设的数量越来越多，并且受到了人们的 广泛关注。在基础工程项目中，道路桥梁的建设尤为重要，近年来，我国越来越重 视道路桥梁建设，因此，道路桥梁建设得到了很好地发展，不过在发展的过程中， 道路桥梁设计中存在的隐患问题越来越多，严重的影响了道路桥梁的质量，甚至引 发了安全事故，不仅危害了人们的生命安全，同时给国家的财产带来较大的损失， 为了避免安全事故的发展，就需要保证道路桥梁设计的质量。 我国社会城市化、现代化步伐不断推进，道路桥梁的重要意义日益凸显，不仅 能够帮助人们提供出行的便利，而且作为各个城市间沟通和贸易往来的重要渠道， 对社会经济的发展起到助力作用。虽然目前施工单位已经具备相应的质量意识和对 道路桥梁进行施工的技术基础，但针对道路桥梁的设计工作中，或是由于材料配置 不够周密，或是由于设计人员综合素养不足，导致道路桥梁仍然存在隐患。 道路桥梁作为公共基础设施，为人们的出行提供了便利。但随着人们生活水平 的提高，人们对于基础设施的要求也不断提高。而要提高道路桥梁的质量首先要提 高道路桥梁的设计，其次才是加强道路桥梁的施工与管理。

Power transformation equipment is the basic unit of power transmission network.  The safety of the equipment is directly related to the security and stability of the  transmission network and has a significant influence over the development of the society  and economy. Therefore, we should timely detect the operation of the network and carry  out essential maintenance work. Once the accident cannot be fixed timely or properly, it  will endanger the safe operation of the network and even cause a large-scale power  outage. Because of this, improving the operation level of the substation personnel and the  maintenance skills of the maintenance staff to ensure the health level of the  transformation equipment becomes the important factor in keeping the safe and stable  operation of the transmission network. Therefore, it is imperative to improve the basic  knowledge and skills of the transformation operation and equipment maintenance as well  as the comprehensive quality of the substation staff in order to enable them to analyze  and deal with the accidents correctly and accurately report the exact information of the  accidents to relevant departments.  This book mainly studies and analyzes the operation and maintenance of power  transformation equipment and exception handling. Firstly, this paper introduces the  related concepts, classification, precautions and treatment measures of the transformation  equipment and studies the power transformers and its related accessories. It also analyzes  relevant information of SF6 circuit breakers and its related accessories. Secondly, this  paper introduces the transformer by providing an overview of it and information of its  classification and maintenance. It gives introductions of the isolating switch and its  related accessories. It also introduces the lightning rod, grounding grid and inductor and  studies the maintenance of their operations.  With the advent of the era of knowledge economy, the scientific and technological  content of the equipment of the power transmission network is constantly improving and  the integrated automation technology of substations is continuously developing. Thus, it  has become an inevitable trend towards having fewer or no substation’s staff at work  which put forwards new requirements and topics for the vast operation and maintenance  personnel in power transmission network. At the same time, it also requires the  introduction of the new concept of “details determine the success” and “risk control” in  the safe production process, enhancement in implementing the standardized management  and operation and improvement in the knowledge level of the whole crew members in  order to make the safe production into a benign development track which is controllable  and under control. 

前 言  

变电设备是电网的基本单元，变电设备的安全，关系到电网的安全和稳定，对社 会和经济和的发展有很重要的关系。所以我们要及时检测运行维修，一旦发生事故而 不能及时消除或处理不当，就将危及电网的安全运行，严重时会造成大规模的停电。 所以提高变电所值班人员的运行操作水平及检修人员的检修技能，保证运行设备的健 康水平，成为安全稳定运行的重要条件。正确地对事故进行分析和处理，并准确地向 调度和有关部门汇报事故确切信息，提高对变电运行和检修职工能熟悉和了解变电运 行及设备检修的基本知识和技能，提高现场运行和检修人员的综合素质。 本书主要对变电设备运行维护及异常处理进行研究分析，首先，文章介绍变电 设备的相关的概念、分类、注意事项和处理措施；对电力变压器及相关附属设备进 行研究；分析 SF6 断路器及其相关附属设备相关的信息。其次，本文还从互感器 的概述、类型、维修等了解互感器；介绍隔离开关及附属设备；了解对避雷针、接 地网以及电抗器，并对其运行维修进行研究。 随着知识经济时代的到来，电网设备的科技含量不断提升，变电所综合自动化技 术不断发展，变电所无人值班或少人值班已成为一个必然趋势，这就对广大的变电现 场运行和检修人员提出了新的要求和新的课题。同时，还要求在生产过程中引进“细 节决定成败”、“风险预控”安全生产新理念，强化实施标准化管理和标准化作业， 提高作业人员的整体知识水平，使安全生产步入可控、在控的良性发展轨道。

Finance refers to the capital movement and economic relations reflected in the process of capital movement, such movement objectively exists in the process of material goods reproduction of various departments and units of the national economy. Financial management means the management of asset purchase (investment), capital financing (funding), operating cash flow (working capital), and profit distribution under certain overall goals. Financial management is an integral part of corporate management. It is an economic management task that organizes corporate financial activities and handles financial relationships in accordance with financial laws and regulations and the principles of financial management. Simply put, financial management is an economic management task that organizes corporate financial activities and handles financial relationships.
         In recent years, the continued outbreaks of economic crisis on a global scale has not severely affected our country, but still caused extensive damage to the operation of our foreign-oriented enterprises, and has restricted the operation of other enterprises in the value chain through the transmission mechanism of the corporate networked organization structure. This shows that, in the context of uncertain global economic outlook and the transformation of economic development in our country, we can only strengthen corporate financial management and integrate accounting practices to enable companies to achieve sustainable development.

前 言

财务是国民经济各部门、各单位在物质资料再生产过程中客观存在的资金运动及资金运动过程中所体现的经济关系。财务管理指的是，在一定的整体目标下，关于资产的购置（投资）、资本的融通（筹资）和经营中现金流量（营运资金），以及利润分配的管理。 财务管理是企业管理的一个组成部分， 它是根据财经法规制度，按照财务管理的原则，组织企业财务活动，处理财务关系的一项经济管理工作。简单地说，财务管理是组织企业财务活动，处理财务关系的一项经济管理工作。
        近年来，全球范围内持续爆发的经济危机，虽然未对我国造成严重影响，但是仍对我国外向型企业的经营产生了广泛的破坏，并通过企业网络化组织结构的传导机制，制约着价值链条上其他企业的经营状况。由此可见，在全球经济前景仍不明朗以及我国转变经济发展方式的背景下，唯有加强企业财务管理、整合会计实务方能使企业获得可持续发展。

With the development of the national economy and society, our requirements for  transportation convenience are becoming increasingly urgent. To meet this demand, the  development of transportation construction in our country is also constantly changing. The  construction of highways and bridges are the two core components for transportation  construction. The construction of highways and bridges looks simple, but actually its  technical requirements are relatively high, because they not only reflect our overall  transportation construction level, and also if any problem occurs in the construction  technology of highways and bridges, it may incur great safety hazards, causing  immeasurable casualties and property losses. Therefore, the management of highway and  bridge construction technology is especially important.  The quality of highway bridges is closely related to people’s daily life. However,  complexity is the main feature of highway bridge engineering construction. The low  proficiency of the whole construction personnel, engineering construction organiazation's  lower awareness of technical management, often results in quality problems in the process  of highway bridge construction, which has caused serious negative effects on people's  daily lives. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the management of technology in the  construction of highway bridges, and continuously improve the overall quality of our  highway bridge engineering construction. This paper analyzes the necessity of technical  management for highway bridge construction, and proposes effective management  countermeasures, to continuously improve the quality of highway bridges of our country.

前 言

随着国民经济和社会的发展，对交通便捷性的要求也日益迫切，为适应这一需 求，我国的交通建设发展也日新月异。公路和桥梁的建设是交通建设的两大核心模 块，公路桥梁的施工貌似简单，但其中的技术要求相对较高，因为其不但体现着我 们国家交通建设的整体水平，如果公路及桥梁施工技术中存在问题，还有可能存在 极大的安全隐患，带来不可估量的人员伤亡及财产损失。所以，公路桥梁施工技术 中的管理犹为重要。 公路桥梁的质量与人们的日常生活存在着紧密联系，然而，复杂性是公路桥梁 工程建设的主要特征，施工人员总体专业水平低、工程施工单位对技术管理的意识 不高，导致公路桥梁在建设过程中经常出现质量方面的问题，给人们的日常生活造 成了严重的负面影响。因此，在公路桥梁的施工建设中要加强对技术方面的管理， 不断提升我国公路桥梁工程建设的整体质量。本文分析公路桥梁施工技术管理存在 的必要性，并提出有效的管理对策，从而不断提升我国公路桥梁的质量。  

Communication technology and the communication industry are one of the fastest growing fields since the 1980s. This is true both internationally and domestically. This is one of the important signs of human beings entering the information society. Communication is the exchange of information. In this sense, communication has existed in ancient times. Human dialogue is communication, and people expressing emotions with gestures can also be regarded as communication. People use the beacon to communicate war situations. Of course, the transmission of files between horses and post can also be regarded as communication. Modern communication generally refers to telecommunications.
      The binding effect of information technology on the formation of the world economy is obvious. The advancement of information technology is a natural material condition for the integration or overall enhancement of the world economy. Only when the electronic computer network makes it possible for people to understand the economic changes in any region of the world through the global digital communication network, people realize the role of information and information transmission and processing technology in the integration of the world economy. In fact, it exists in the whole process of the integrated development of the world economy. Natural sciences and philosophy have made significant progress in the study of time and space. Realistic changes in time and space are of great significance to the overall development of the world economy, but they have been neglected in the social sciences.
     With the informatization of society, the communication industry is gradually developing in the direction of convenience, intelligence, and precision, which brings high-level requirements to 5G communication technology. 5G communication technology must not only meet the communication requirements of customers, but also pay attention to customer experience and facilitate customers’ daily life. In this regard, our country should accelerate the development of new technologies and accelerate the application of new technologies, conform to the trend of personalization and universalization of communications, and popularize the application of the Internet of Things. The communication industry of our country will realize the increase in bandwidth, the reduction in cost and the integration of technology, and achieve further development in the global market competition.

前 言

通信技术和通信产业是 20 世纪 80 年代以来发展最快的领域之一。不论是在国际还是在国内都是如此。这是人类进入信息社会的重要标志之一。通信就是互通信息。从这个意义上来说，通信在远古的时代就已存在。人之间的对话是通信，用手势表达情绪也可算是通信。以后用烽火传递战事情况是通信，快马与驿站传送文件当然也可是通信。现代的通信一般是指电信，国际上称为远程通信。
        信息技术对世界经济整体形成的粘合作用，是显而易见的。信息技术进步是世界经济一体化或整体性增强的自然物质条件。只是到了电子计算机网络使人们有可能通过全球数字通信网，全天候了解世界任一地区经济情况变化时，才意识到信息及信息传输、处理技术对世界经济整体化的作用。实际上，它存在于世界经济整体化发展的全过程之中。自然科学、哲学对时空的研究获得重大进展，时空现实变化对世界经济整体化发展的极其重大的意义，在社会科学那里却因其显而易见被忽视了。
        随着社会的信息化，通信行业逐渐向着便捷化、智能化、精确化的方向发展，给 5G 通信技术带来了高层次的要求。 5G 通信技术不仅要满足客户的通信要求，更要注重客户的体验，方便客户的日常生活。对此，我国应当加快新技术研发与应用的脚步，顺应通信个人化、普遍化的趋势，普及物联网的应用，让我国的通信行业实现带宽上的增加、成本上的降低和技术上的融合，在全球化的市场竞争当中取得进一步的发展。