With the gradual advancement of the wave of education globalization, the phased characteristics of school physical education become more and more prominent, and the teaching concept, teaching methods, learning methods and learning evaluation methods have undergone dramatic changes. In this regard, physical education scholars found that physical education teaching theory, as one of the traditional theoretical resources of pedagogy, has lost understanding in the face of the above changes, it is difficult to help the majority of physical education teachers improve their professional ability, and it is difficult to provide support for exploring the practice and theory of educational reform and development. School physical education is an important part of national physical education and school education. It is a key link to improve the health level of the whole nation. It is also an important means to build socialist spiritual civilization and cultivate all-round development of new people. The educational function of school physical education plays an important role in cultivating people’s healthy and reasonable life style, collectivism spirit, patriotism spirit, hardworking and indomitable spirit. Its ultimate goal is to cultivate and create a new generation that can meet the requirements of the times, improve the quality of the people, and promote the healthy development of society.
     Throughout the development history of school physical education in modern China, due to the low starting and slow development speed, there is still a certain distance between Chinese school physical education and other disciplines, and the results of theoretical research and practical research are relatively scarce. The numerous historical problems and perplexed status quo of school physical education show the urgency and necessity of theoretical research on school physical education. This book is the result of the author’s systematic thinking on related issues. Due to the author’s limited education, the book is inevitably crude and biased. Readers are welcome to criticize and correct them.

前 言

随着教育全球化浪潮的逐渐推进，学校体育教育的阶段性特征愈发凸显，教学观念、教学方式、学习方式与学习评价方式等发生着急剧的变化。对此，体育教育学者们发现，作为教育学传统奠基理论资源之一的体育教学理论面对上述变化已丧失了解，难以帮助广大体育教师提高专业化能力，难以为探索教育改革发展的实践和理论提供支撑。学校体育是国家民族体育和学校教育中的重要组成部分，是提高全民族健康水平的关键环节，也是建设社会主义精神文明、培养全面发展新人的重要手段。学校体育所具有的教育功能在培养人们健康、合理的生活方式，集体主义精神，爱国主义精神，吃苦耐劳、顽强拼搏精神等方面有着重要作用。它的最终目的在于全面培养和造就能适应时代要求的一代新人，提高国民素质，促进社会健康发展。
        纵观近代以来我国学校体育的发展史，由于起步较低、发展速度缓慢，因此，中国学校体育与其他学科相比，还存在着一定的距离，理论研究与实践研究成果还相对匮乏。学校体育众多的历史问题、困惑现状，表明了学校体育理论研究的迫切性与必要性， 本书正是作者对相关问题进行系统思考后的成果。 由于作者学养有限，书中难免有粗陋偏颇之处，敬请各位学者与读者见谅并予以斧正。

随着人类社会的不断飞跃发展，人类与环境不断地相互影响和作用，同时也伴 随着日益严重的环境问题。污染问题是人类社会面临的主要环境问题，它也是人类 社会活动的必然产物。环境问题已成为危害人们健康，制约经济发展和社会稳定的 重要因素。当前我国环境污染问题主要表现在：水资源短缺而且污染严重、城市大 气污染严重、土壤污染加剧及固体废弃物污染等。本文在此背景下系统深入地对几 种典型环境污染的原因、来源、危害、产生机理等进行了分析，同时概述了综合防 治措施及污染治理最新技术，以满足环境污染学科发展的需要。发展经济和保护环 境，在人类工业化进程中一直是一对难以协调的矛盾。改革开放以来，在快速工业 化进程中，在意识、制度和能力上，中国都没有做好充分准备，造成了环境遭受污 染、生态环境被破坏的不良后果。 党的十八大以来，大力推进生态文明建设，将“绿色发展”确立为新发展理念 的重要内容，将“建设美丽中国”确定为实现中国梦的重要目标，并采取一系列措 施，特别是通过制度建设推进环境改善，从制度上解决环境保护和生态文明建设的 问题。在经济发展与生态环境制约日益紧张的 21 世纪，世界各国也越来越重视可持 续发展，因而，明确生态环境具体情况及敏感区域；指导企业防范生态环境风险， 识别相关生态环境敏感区和脆弱区，积极参与当地生态环境保护；促进沿线国家生 态环境政策的接驳、生态环境问题的解决、生态环境合作的深入，以及生态环境合 作服务与保障体系的建立。 环境污染控制也可以看作一个系统，用系统论的方法进行环境污染控制就是环 境污染控制系统论思想，或者说是环境污染控制的系统思维。本书从系统论的基本 概念出发，对环境污染控制系统思维进行了分析和阐释。本书主要内容包括：环境 污染概述、大气、水、固体废物及噪声等污染与治理技术；清洁生产由来及实施途 径；农村与城市环境存在的主要问题与保护对策；环境地理信息系统技术在环境中 的应用。

The water retaining structure built on the river is related to the safety of people's life and property in the downstream. The design and construction quality of water conservancy and hydropower projects will not only affect the life and benefit of buildings, but also affect the cost of reconstruction and maintenance. Once the project fails, it will bring irreparable losses to the national economy and life and property. In the history of water conservancy at home and abroad, there are many painful lessons caused by the design quality problems of water conservancy and hydropower projects. Therefore, the construction of water conservancy and hydropower projects must ensure the scientific design and the quality of construction management.
        Water conservancy and hydropower projects often involve the interests of many departments, such as flood control, power generation, shipping, irrigation, industrial and urban water use, environmental protection and so on, which must be comprehensively planned and taken into account, thus increasing the complexity of construction. Water conservancy and hydropower projects are often located in mountainous areas where traffic is inconvenient, and the workload of construction preparation is heavy. Not only the traffic roads inside and outside the site should be built, the auxiliary enterprises for construction services should be arranged, but also the office and living houses should be built. Therefore, we must attach great importance to the design of construction and do a good job of management in advance, so as to meet the construction requirements and reduce the project investment.
       Water conservancy project is often composed of many single projects, with concentrated layout, large amount of work, many types of work, high construction intensity, and the limitation of terrain conditions, it is easy to cause construction interference. Therefore, it is necessary to make overall planning, pay attention to the organization and management of on-site construction, and use the principles of systems engineering and operational research to select the optimized construction scheme with less construction interference and reasonable construction period. In the construction of water conservancy and hydropower projects, earthwork, water and underwater operations, underground operations and high-altitude operations are often carried out alternately, which is not conducive to the construction safety. Therefore, we must pay great attention to the construction safety and take effective measures to prevent accidents.

前 言

河流上修建的挡水建筑物，关系着下游人民的生命财产安全。水利水电工程的设计与施工质量， 不但会影响建筑物的寿命和效益， 而且会影响改建和维修的费用。工程一旦失事，对国民经济及生命财产会带来不可弥补的损失。国内外的水利史上不乏因水利水电工程设计质量问题而导致的一些惨痛教训，因此，水利水电工程施工必须保证设计科学性与施工管理质量。
        水利水电工程常涉及许多部门的利益，如防洪、发电、航运、灌溉、工业与城市用水、环境保护等，必须全面规划、统筹兼顾，因而增加了施工的复杂性。水利水电工程往往位于交通不便的山区，施工准备工作量大，不仅要修建场内外交通道路，布置施工服务的辅助企业，而且要修建办公和生活用房。因此，必须十分重视施工的设计工作，提前做好管理工作，使之既满足施工要求又减少工程投资。
        水利枢纽工程常由许多单项工程组成，布置比较集中，工程量大，工种多，施工强度高，加上地形条件方面的限制，容易发生施工干扰。因此，需要统筹规划，重视现场施工的组织与管理，运用系统工程、运筹学等原理，选择施工干扰少、工期合理的优化施工方案。在水利水电工程的施工中，土方工程、水上水下作业、地下作业以及高空作业等，常常交叉进行，对施工安全不利。因此，必须十分注意施工安全，采取有效措施，防止事故的发生。

In recent years, with the continuous development of society and the continuous improvement of productivity, the requirements of water conservancy and hydropower projects from all walks of life are also constantly improving. This is an infrastructure construction, the quality of the project directly affects the sustainable development of water conservancy and hydropower, but also related to the normal operation of various social production activities. Water conservancy project is closely related to national economic construction and people’s life and property safety. For water conservancy projects, the implementation effect of construction technology and quality control directly affects the construction level. Therefore, in the construction process, we must combine with the actual situation and strengthen the technical quality control, so as to comprehensively improve the construction level of water conservancy projects and ensure the healthy and stable development of China’s water conservancy construction industry.
      Water conservancy project construction quality is the top priority of project construction management, and the project quality directly affects the use efficiency of water conservancy project in the future. Because of the complexity of water conservancy project construction in the current society, it not only has a long construction period, but also involves a lot of cross construction content, which has a negative impact on the quality management of water conservancy project construction. Water conservancy project belongs to the project that benefits the country and the people, so we need to pay full attention to the key points of construction technology, innovate construction technology combined with the pace of development of the times, improve construction quality, and ensure the safety of people's lives and property. With the continuous development of society, the number of water conservancy projects is increasing, and the construction technology of water conservancy projects also needs to be improved. The purpose of writing this book is to be able to have a more systematic and scientific water conservancy project construction technology, restrict the construction process of modern water conservancy projects, and improve the technical specifications and engineering scientificity and practicability.

前 言

近年来随着社会的不断发展，生产力的持续提升，各界对水利水电工程的要求也不断地提高。这是一项基础的设施建设，该工程质量直接影响着水利水电事业的可持续发展，也关系着各项社会生产活动的正常运作。水利工程和国家经济建设及人民生命财产安全有着密切关系。对于水利工程而言，施工技术和质量控制的实施效果直接影响着施工水平，因此，在建设过程当中必须要结合实际情况，加强技术质量控制力度， 才能全面提升水利工程的施工水平， 确保我国水利建设行业的健康、稳定发展。
        水利工程施工质量是工程施工管理当中的重中之重，工程质量直接影响着水利工程日后的运用效率。因为当前社会当中水利工程施工复杂，不仅工期长，而且所涉及很多交叉施工的内容，对水利工程施工质量管理带来了不良影响。水利工程属于利国利民的项目， 需要充分关注施工技术要点， 结合时代发展步伐创新施工技术，提升施工质量，保证人民生命财产安全。在社会不断发展的当下，水利工程数量日渐增多，水利工程施工技术也需要不断提升。撰写《水利工程施工技术》一书的目的也是为了能够一较为系统和科学水利工程施工技术约束现代水利工程施工过程，提升技术规范和工程科学性、实用性。

With the deepening of the concept of new curriculum reform, the dominant position of students is increasingly apparent. Teachers should also pay attention to guiding students to solve problems with new ideas and new ideas in classroom teaching, give full play to students’ self potential, cultivate students’ new thinking quality, make students have innovative thinking consciousness, and comprehensively promote students’ motivation of active inquiry learning.
       “Innovation is the soul of a nation and the inexhaustible driving force for the prosperity of a country”. In today’s world, science and technology are advancing by leaps and bounds, and knowledge economy has begun to take shape. The development of education has been closely related to the safety of the country and the rise and fall of the nation. Therefore, it has become an urgent task to cultivate new talents with innovative thinking ability. The cultivation of innovative consciousness and innovative ability is an important task of cross century education. As education itself is a process of innovation, it requires teachers to have a sense of innovation. We mathematics teachers have the responsibility to create a generation of innovative people through teaching. Teachers should excavate the teaching materials, effectively control the teaching materials, introduce new knowledge and new problems that adapt to the development of the times into the classroom, organically combine with the content of the teaching materials, guide students to actively explore, and cultivate students’ innovation ability.
        Mathematics is a skill, the crystallization of human wisdom, an important symbol of human civilization, the essence of human being's long-term practice, and the height of the world’s natural laws. Therefore, as long as we learn and think in accordance with its rules step by step, we can definitely learn and understand it.
       In a word, mathematics is the use and generalization of natural laws in human labor. It urges people to explore nature, discover the beauty of nature, and make people feel beauty and experience the enjoyment of beauty, so that people can take the initiative to explore and create.

前 言

随着新课程改革理念的深入，学生的主体地位日益显现，教师也应在课堂教学中注意引导学生用新理念、新思路去解决问题，充分发挥学生的自我潜能，培养学生全新的思维品质，使学生具有创新的思维意识，全面促进学生主动探究学习的动机。
     “创新是一个民族的灵魂，是一个国家兴旺发达的不竭动力。”当今世界，科学技术突飞猛进，知识经济已见端倪。教育的发展已经与国家的安危、民族的兴衰息息相关。因此，培养具有创新思维能力的新型人才，已经成为当务之急，创新意识及创新能力的培养，是跨世纪教育的一项重要任务。由于教育本身就是一个创新的过程，这就要求教师必须具有创新意识，我们数学教师有责任通过教学造就一代有创新精神的人。教师要通过挖掘教材，高效地驾驭教材，把与时代发展相适应的新知识、新问题引入课堂，与教材内容有机结合，引导学生去主动探究，培养学生的创新能力。
        数学是一种技能，是人类智慧的结晶，是人类文明的重要标志，是人类在长期的实践中汲取的精华，是世界自然规律的高度。因此，只要按照它的规律，循序渐进的去学、去想，绝对可以学懂。
        总之，数学是人类在劳动中对自然规律的利用和概括，它促使人们去探索自然、发现自然之美，使人们从中感受美、体验美的享受，从而使人们主动去探索、去创造。