With the rapid development of the construction industry, highway and bridge construction enterprises are facing a major test, which also puts forward higher requirements for construction enterprises. Bridge construction is a key component of highway development. The quality of bridge construction will directly affect the development of highway construction. Therefore, in the construction process, we should do a good job in the detection of highway bridge bearing level, pay attention to construction technology management and maintenance, and ensure the quality of highway bridge engineering. In order to effectively guarantee the construction quality of highway bridge, we must strictly follow the management mechanism of each construction stage, adopt advanced scientific construction technology measures, and strengthen the construction management.
  In highway engineering construction, it is necessary to strengthen construction technology management and adopt effective construction maintenance methods. As the construction management personnel and maintenance personnel, they should clarify their own responsibilities, formulate and implement the construction technology management methods in combination with the basic situation of project construction, strengthen the construction maintenance work, and timely repair the existing quality defects. Therefore, it can improve the highway engineering construction technology management level, ensure the maintenance construction quality, and make the highway engineering in good performance and running state. Finally, it will promote the quality and benefit of highway engineering construction, extend the service life of highway engineering, and provide guarantee for the safe and smooth passage of vehicles.
  Modern highway construction is inseparable from highway and bridge construction, which carries heavy transportation burden and makes an important contribution to urbanization. Highway bridge has high value in transportation. In order to ensure the safety and durability of highway bridge, it is necessary to continuously strengthen and improve the construction technology management of highway bridge and improve the maintenance level of highway bridge.

前 言

随着施工行业高速发展，公路桥梁施工企业面临着重大考验，对施工企业也提出了更高的要求。桥梁建设是公路发展内容的一个关键构成内容，桥梁施工质量的好坏将会直接影响公路建设的发展，因此在施工过程中应该做好公路桥梁承载水平的检测工作，重视施工技术管理及养护，确保公路桥梁工程质量。为有效保障公路桥梁的施工质量，必须严格遵循施工各阶段的管理机制，采用先进科学的施工技术措施，加强施工管理。
      公路工程施工中，加强施工技术管理，采取有效的施工养护方法是必要的。作为施工管理人员和养护人员，应该明确自身职责，结合工程建设基本情况，制定并落实施工技术管理方法，加强施工养护工作，及时修复存在的质量缺陷。从而提高公路工程施工技术管理水平，确保养护施工质量，让公路工程处于良好性能和运行状态。最终促进公路工程建设质量和效益提升，延长公路工程使用寿命，也为车辆安全顺利通行提供保障。
       现代化公路建设离不开公路桥梁建设，其承载着繁重的运输负担，为城市化建设做出了重要的贡献。公路桥梁在运输事业中具有较高的价值，为保证公路桥梁的安全性、耐久性，还需不断加强和完善公路桥梁施工技术管理，提高公路桥梁养护水平。

Engineering construction products are complex and diverse, and a lot of manpower, financial resources, material resources, machines and tools need to be invested in the construction. At the same time, according to the characteristics and scale of the construction object, geological, hydrological and climatic conditions, drawings, contracts and the supply of mechanical materials, we need to make full preparations for the construction, construction technology, construction methods and schemes, so as to ensure the technical and economic effect and avoid accidents, which puts forward higher requirements for the engineering construction management and technical personnel. Highway engineering construction workers are the most basic technical and organizational management personnel to complete the highway engineering construction tasks, and they are the organizers and managers of the production line at the construction site. They should command and coordinate the basic technical personnel and labor service personnel at the construction site, so they should strengthen the training of key construction technology knowledge.

  The implementation of highway engineering supervision system is an important part of the reform of highway infrastructure management system in China, and is an effective measure to improve the investment efficiency and construction management level. With the rapid development of national highway, the demand for highway engineering supervision technical personnel is increasing. It is urgent to cultivate a certain number of qualified highway engineering supervision personnel. The main task of the supervision in the construction stage of the project is that the supervision engineer must grasp the "five control, two management and one coordination" work from the perspective of organization, technology, contract and economy, that is, quality control, safety control, environmental protection control, cost control, progress control, contract management, information management and organization coordination.

前 言

工程建设产品复杂多样，施工中需要投入大量人力、财力、物力、机具等，同时，需要根据施工对象的特点和规模、地质水文气候条件、图纸、合同及机械材料供应情况等，充分做好施工准备、施工技术工艺、施工方法方案等，以确保技术经济效果，避免出现事故，这就对工程建设施.工管理技术人员提出了较高的要求。公路工程施工员是完成公路工程施工任务的最基层的技术和组织管理人员，是施工现场生产一线的组织者和管理者，要指挥、协调施工现场基层技术人员、劳务人员，应对加强关键施工技术知识的培训。
       推行公路工程监理制度是我国公路基本建设管理体制改革的一项重要内容，是提高投资效益和施工管理水平的有效措施。随着国家高速公路的迅速发展，对公路工程监理技术人员的需求不断增加，培养一定数量的合格的公路工程监理人员已迫在眉睫。工程施工阶段监理的主要任务是，监理工程师必须从组织、技术、合同和经济的角度抓好“五控、两管、一协调”工作，即质量控制、安全控制、环境保护控制、费用控制、进度控制、合同管理、信息管理和组织协调。

After 40 years of development, China’s engineering cost consulting industry has broken through the traditional calculation business of cost consulting (estimation, budget, budget, settlement, final accounts, etc.). It gradually extends the business scope of the cost consulting industry to the early stage of decision-making and the late stage of completion, such as expanding the investment decision in the early stage of decision-making, judicial appraisal after completion, cost audit and audit, financial review and other businesses. 

  From the main business scope of engineering cost consulting enterprises and the proportion of different businesses in the business income of enterprises, it can be seen that although the scope of engineering cost consulting services products of each enterprise is roughly the same, most enterprises still involve some basic business, but most of them take the whole process engineering cost consulting service as the main profit point. These profit points are in line with the current market demand. More high-end engineering cost consulting services, such as judicial identification and arbitration of engineering cost disputes, have attracted a certain degree of attention, but the market demand for such consulting services still needs to be expanded.

前 言

中国工程造价咨询业经过 40 年的发展， 已经突破了传统的造价咨询的算量业务（估算、概算、预算、结算、决算等），逐步将造价咨询业的业务范围向决策前期和竣工后期延伸，如拓展了决策前期的投资决策，竣工之后的司法鉴定，造价审核及审计，财政评审等业务。
       工程造价咨询企业的主要业务范围以及不同业务在企业营业收入中所占比重可以看出，虽然各企业的工程造价咨询服务产品涵盖的范围大致相当，大部分企业仍涉及部分基本业务，但大多以全过程工程造价咨询服务为主要赢利点，这类赢利点与目前市场需求是吻合的。更为高端的工程造价咨询服务，如工程造价纠纷的司法鉴定，仲裁等，已经引起了一定程度的重视，但这类咨询服务产品的市场需求仍需拓展。

With the continuous improvement in China’s economic and social development and its level of urbanization development, the quantity and quality requirements for infrastructure construction in China have been constantly raised. Construction engineering is an important part of infrastructure. In its process of construction and use, the quality of indoor air and temperature are mostly regulated by air conditioning. Therefore, air conditioning plays a very important role in the development of modern architecture. It can enhance the overall performance of the architectural structure and improve the comfort of the use of building so as to achieve the economic and social value of architecture. In the process of China’s current development, great importance has been attached to the development of HVAC technology. HVAC technology has been organically combined with architectural design, which can better reduce building energy consumption and promote sustainable development. But there are some problems in the development of HVAC technology, which will affect its development.
     In construction engineering, the application of modern central air-conditioning technology can not only improve the overall performance of the building structure but also enhance the comfort of the use of building. At the same time, the organic combination of HVAC technology and architectural design can reduce the energy consumption of building, achieve the goal of energy saving, implement the scientific concept of development and promote the sustainable development of the national economy.
      This book analyzes the HVAC technology and design and provides reference and help for the development of HVAC technology.

前 言

随着我国经济社会的发展和城市化发展水平的不断提升，我国对于基础设施建设的数量和质量要求在不断提升，其中建筑工程是基础设施的重要组成部分。建筑工程在建设和使用的过程中室内空气的质量、温度多由空调进行调节，因此空调在现代建筑发展的过程中发挥着十分重要的价值和意义。空调技术在发展的过程中能够提高建筑结构的整体性能，同时能够提升建筑使用的舒适性，更好地实现建筑的经济价值和社会价值。在我国目前发展的过程中十分重视暖通空调技术的发展，在研发的过程中和建筑设计进行了有机的结合，这样能够更好地降低建筑能耗，促进可持续发展。但是暖通空调技术在发展的过程中存在着一定的问题，这会影响到该技术的发展。
        在建筑工程中， 应用现代中央空调技术， 一方面可以提高建筑结构的整体性能，另一方面则可以提升建筑使用的舒适性。与此同时，将暖通空调技术与建筑设计进行有机结合，可以降低建筑耗能，实现节能目标，贯彻落实科学发展观，推动国民经济的可持续发展。
        本书对暖通空调技术和设计进行分析，为暖通空调发展技术的提升提供借鉴和帮助。

This book starts from the common symptoms of obstetrics and gynecology diseases, and classifies them according to clinical symptoms, briefly describes the basic theoretical knowledge of obstetrics and gynecology, and introduces in detail the common clinical diseases such as chronic pelvic inflammatory disease, female genital tumor, endometriosis, threatened abortion, ectopic pregnancy, postpartum hemorrhage, neonatal jaundice, etc. This book basically covers the common and multiple infectious diseases, especially the diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases in obstetrics and gynecology. This book includes the new progress of obstetrics and gynecology nursing, including female reproductive organ inflammation, tumor, gynecological endocrine diseases and other common diseases, pregnancy complications, pregnancy and delivery abnormalities, prenatal screening diagnosis, postpartum and puerperal abnormalities, obstetric critical emergency rescue and perinatal abnormalities, etc.

前 言

本书从妇产科疾病常见症状开始，按临床症状进行分类，简述了妇产科基础理论知识，并详细介绍了慢性盆腔炎、女性生殖器肿瘤、子宫内膜异位、先兆流产、异位妊娠、产后出血、新生儿黄疸等临床常见疾病。本书基本涵盖了本专业常见及多发感染性疾病，特别是对妇产科感染性诊治及治疗方法做了深入的论述，还包括对妇产科护理的新进展进行了详细阐述，包括女性生殖器官炎症、肿瘤，妇科内分泌疾病及其他常见病，妊娠并发症、妊娠期及分娩期异常、产前筛查诊断、产后与产褥期异常、产科危重急症抢救及围生儿异常等的护理内容。