With the development of China’s economy and the continuous improvement of people’s material living standards, as a vertical means of transportation, elevator has been integrated into all aspects of our life. However, in recent years, due to the inconsistency of elevator safety specifications and standards, people generally pay attention to elevator installation, despise maintenance and other factors, resulting in continuous elevator accidents. In addition, due to the rapid development of the elevator industry, there is a shortage of elevator manufacturing, marketing, installation and maintenance practitioners in China. In addition, the elevator management, inspection and R & D professionals and the public groups who use elevators urgently need to understand the elevator as a special equipment.
  After nearly 30 years of development, China’s elevator industry has developed from the annual output of more than 2000 sets and the ownership of 10000 sets in the early 1980s to the production and sales of more than 400000 sets and the ownership of more than 2 million sets in 2011. China’s elevator production has exceeded 60% of the global production. In recent years, with the rapid growth of high-rise residential buildings, elevator has become a means of transportation for ordinary people to travel, and the safety of elevator has also become a livelihood problem. At the same time, because of the introduction of many foreign elevator products (including Sino foreign joint venture elevator products), these products are more advanced in the world. However, the current elevator technology in China is relatively backward, which is not normal. Therefore, the research on mechanical engineering and elevator construction technology is of great significance.

前 言

随着我国经济的发展，人民物质生活水平不断提高，作为建筑物的垂直交通工具—电梯已融入我们生活的方方面面。但近年来由于电梯安全规范和标准不统一，普遍注重电梯安装、轻视维修保养等因素造成电梯事故不断。另外，由于电梯行业的快速发展也使我国电梯制造、营销、安装和维修保养的从业人员紧俏，加上电梯管理、检验和研发的专业人员和搭乘使用电梯的大众群体迫切需要深入地了解电梯这个特种设备。
       我国电梯行业经过近 30 年的发展， 已经从 20 世纪 80 年代初二千多台的年产量和 1 万台的保有量， 发展到 2011 年 40 余万台产销量， 以及超过 200 万台的保有量，我国的电梯产量已经超过了全球产量的 60%。近几年高层住宅的快速增长，电梯已成为寻常百姓出行所依赖的交通工具，电梯的安全问题也成为了民生问题。与此同时。由于我国引入很多国外的电梯产品(包括中外合资的电梯产品)，这些产品在国际上都是比较先进的，而我国目前的电梯技术与此相比相对落后，这是不正常的。因此，对机械工程与电梯施工技术研究具有重要意义。

This book starts with the status of chemical industry in the national economy, the characteristics and risk analysis of chemical production, and the prevention and control theory of chemical machinery and equipment maintenance and safety. For the chemical equipment itself, it must meet the special conditions such as high temperature, high pressure, high vacuum, ultra-low pressure, inflammable, explosive and strong corrosivity often encountered in the chemical production process, as well as the requirements of modern chemical production scale. This requires daily training and education for managers and operators in the chemical industry in the use process and precautions of work, as well as the maintenance and maintenance technology of daily safety fire equipment.

前 言

本书从化学工业在国民经济中的地位、化工生产的特点及危险性分析、化工机械设备维护及安全的预防及控制理论入手，对于化工设备本身而言，必须满足在化工生产过程中经常会遇到的高温、高压、高真空、超低压、易燃、易爆以及强腐蚀性等特殊条件，以及现代化工生产规模要求。这就更需要在工作的使用流程及注意事项，以及日常安全消防器材的维护保养和维护技术过程中，进行化工行业管理人员和操作人员的日常培训和教育。

As the foundation and pillar industry of national economy, chemical industry plays an extremely important role in national economy. In today’s world, chemical products are involved in all aspects of national economy, national defense construction, resource development and human clothing, food, housing and transportation, and play a very important role in solving the major problems of population, resources, energy and environmental sustainable development faced by human society. Chemical industry is the assistant of industrial revolution, the pillar of agricultural development, the weapon of national defense construction, the tool of conquering diseases and the means of improving life. The process of chemical production is complex, and the operation requirements are very strict. Generally, it is carried out under high temperature and high pressure, and most materials are flammable, explosive, toxic, harmful and corrosive, which greatly increases the possibility of accidents and the severity of accident consequences. Compared with other industries, the chemical industry itself is faced with such important problems as safety and environmental pollution. As the future chemical and related industry practitioners and personnel directly related to the chemical industry production, it is particularly important to understand the basic problems of chemical safety, master the basic knowledge of chemical safety, and establish the awareness of chemical safety production.
  Chemical engineering is an important branch of engineering. Chemical engineering ethics should be constructed under the theoretical framework of the original engineering ethics and combined with chemical engineering theory. Through technical understanding of hazards and standardized operation, possible hazards are prevented and controlled. At the same time, any project is also a kind of social practice, so it should not exist independently from the society. Of course, it should also be constrained by social ethics. Through the management, the rights and obligations of different roles are clarified in combination with the specific situation in China, and the corresponding ethical norms of chemical engineering are formulated. In the construction of chemical engineering ethics, technology and management complement each other. We should realize that the research on the ethics of chemical engineering is not perfect at present. More efforts are needed to establish a relatively complete framework and mature theory.

前 言

化学工业作为国民经济的基础和支柱产业，在国民经济中占有极其重要的地位。当今世界，化工产品涉及国民经济、国防建设、资源开发和人类衣食住行的各个方面， 对解决人类社会所面临的人口、 资源能源和环境的可持续发展等重大问题，起到了十分重要的作用。化工是工业革命的助手、农业发展的支柱、国防建设的利器、战胜疾病的工具、改善生活的手段。化工生产过程工艺复杂，操作要求十分严格，一般都是在高温、高压下进行，并且大多数物料具有易燃、易爆、有毒、有害和腐蚀性强等特点，这极大地增加了事故发生的可能性和事故后果的严重程度。与其他工业相比，化学工业本身面临着不可忽视的安全与环境污染等重要问题。作为未来化工及相关行业的从业者和与化学工业生产直接相关的人员，了解化工安全基本问题，掌握化工安全基础知识，树立化工安全生产意识，显得尤为重要。
       化学工程是工程的一个重要分支，化学工程伦理规范应该在原有工程伦理规范的理论框架下，同时结合化学工程理论来构建。通过技术了解危害，规范操作，对可能的危险进行预防和控制；同时，任何一个工程也是一种社会实践活动，那么就不应该脱离社会而独立存在，当然也应该受到社会伦理规范的约束。通过管理，结合国内的具体情况，明确不同角色的权利和义务，同时制订相应的化学工程伦理规范。在化学工程伦理规范的构建中，技术和管理，相辅相成，缺一不可。我们应该认识到，目前关于化学工程伦理规范的研究还不完善，要建立比较完整的框架、成熟的理论，还需要更多的努力。

With the rapid development of China’s economy and the continuous progress of science and technology, all walks of life in China ushered in more new development opportunities. Especially, the road transportation industry, which is a kind of people’s travel, has ushered in a new development height in China. Highway and bridge construction is not only conducive to promoting people’s travel demand, but also conducive to accelerating the communication and contact between regions, providing a strong guarantee for regional economic development.
  It is of great significance for the development of highway bridge construction to further strengthen the management of highway bridge construction and maintenance and ensure the orderly progress of highway bridge management and maintenance. It is necessary to do a good job in the comprehensive evaluation of bridge structure and timely and scientific repair of highway bridge diseases on a regular basis. Only in this way can the maintenance difficulty of highway bridge be further reduced and the maintenance cost be effectively controlled, so as to realize the scientific and reasonable control of highway bridge maintenance.

  In the process of building highway bridges, according to the actual situation, the use of construction management, maintenance, reinforcement and maintenance technology is conducive to the implementation of engineering construction, and avoid the emergence of quality problems in construction. Moreover, it can also extend the service time of highway bridges to a certain extent and provide a good guarantee for the safe travel of the masses. Therefore, the construction unit must implement these technologies in order to ensure the improvement of the project quality when carrying out the construction of highway and bridge. 

前 言

随着我国经济的快速发展和科学技术水平的不断进步，我国各行各业迎来了更多的新的发展契机。尤其是做为人们出行的公路交通事业在我国更是迎来了新的发展高度，公路桥梁建设不仅有利于促进人们的出行需求更有利于加快各地区之间的交流和联系，为各地的区域经济发展提供有力的保证。
       进一步加强我国公路桥梁施工维修的管理， 确保公路桥梁管理养护工作的有序进行对于我国公路桥梁建设的发展意义重大。只有定期做好对桥梁结构的全面评估工作，对公路桥梁的病害进行及时科学的修补， 公路桥梁的养护难度才会进一步降低养护成本才能得到有效的控制，从而实现对公路桥梁维护养护的科学的合理的控制。
       在建设公路桥梁的过程中，根据实际情况采用施工管理、养护、加固维修技术，有利于落实工程施工，避免施工中质量问题的出现，而且，也能够在一定程度上延长公路桥梁的使用时间，为广大群众的安全出行提供良好保障。因此，施工单位在进行公路桥梁施工时， 一定要将这几项技术落实到位， 以此来确保工程质量的提升。

With the rapid development of the construction industry, highway and bridge construction enterprises are facing a major test, which also puts forward higher requirements for construction enterprises. Bridge construction is a key component of highway development. The quality of bridge construction will directly affect the development of highway construction. Therefore, in the construction process, we should do a good job in the detection of highway bridge bearing level, pay attention to construction technology management and maintenance, and ensure the quality of highway bridge engineering. In order to effectively guarantee the construction quality of highway bridge, we must strictly follow the management mechanism of each construction stage, adopt advanced scientific construction technology measures, and strengthen the construction management.
  Modern highway construction is inseparable from highway and bridge construction, which carries heavy transportation burden and makes an important contribution to urbanization. Highway bridge has high value in transportation. In order to ensure the safety and durability of highway bridge, it is necessary to continuously strengthen and improve the construction technology management of highway bridge and improve the maintenance level of highway bridge.
  In short, it is of great significance for the development of highway bridge construction to do a good job in the highway bridge construction management, maintenance and reinforcement maintenance technology in the highway bridge construction. The purpose of this book is to promote the progress and development of China’s highway and bridge construction in the new period, and provide practical and effective help for China’s urban construction and social and economic development.

前 言

随着施工行业高速发展，公路桥梁施工企业面临着重大考验，对施工企业也提出了更高的要求。桥梁建设是公路发展内容的一个关键构成内容，桥梁施工质量的好坏将会直接影响公路建设的发展，因此在施工过程中应该做好公路桥梁承载水平的检测工作，重视施工技术管理及养护，确保公路桥梁工程质量。为有效保障公路桥梁的施工质量，必须严格遵循施工各阶段的管理机制，采用先进科学的施工技术措施，加强施工管理。
      现代化公路建设离不开公路桥梁建设，其承载着繁重的运输负担，为城市化建设做出了重要的贡献。公路桥梁在运输事业中具有较高的价值，为保证公路桥梁的安全性、耐久性，还需不断加强和完善公路桥梁施工技术管理，提高公路桥梁养护水平。
       总之，做好对公路桥梁施工管理、养护和加固维修技术在公路桥梁施工建设当中的深入与研究，对于公路桥梁施工建设的发展来讲有着非常重要的意义。本书针对公路桥梁建设与养护的深入与研究， 目的就是希望能够推动我国公路桥梁建设在新时期当中的进步与发展，并为我国城市建设和社会经济的发展提供切实有效的帮助。