Neurosurgery is a vigorous and rapidly developing discipline. Neurosurgery has been developing for half a century in China. In the past, due to the backwardness of science and technology, the diagnosis and treatment of neurosurgical diseases has been a clinical problem. In the past 10 years, the rapid development of modern imaging technology has added a bright pair of “eyes” to the diagnosis and treatment of neurosurgery diseases. The emergence of molecular biology theory and micro-detection techniques in the field of basic medicine and the application of electron microscope in morphology have changed the understanding and concept of many problems in the past. Today, the traditional neurosurgery of the past has been divided into more sophisticated and sophisticated specialized chemical branches, including microneurosurgery, functional neurosurgery, stereotactic neurosurgery, skull base neurosurgery, endovascular neurosurgery, endoscopic neurosurgery and stereotactic radiosurgery. In order to show the progress of modern diagnosis and treatment of neurosurgical diseases, this book is specially compiled, which  is Study on the Diagnosis and Surgical Methods of Neurosurgical Diseases.
   This book is informative, highlighting the clinical practicability. First, it introduces the basic knowledge of neurosurgery in detail, and then systematically introduces the general diagnosis and surgical treatment of common neurosurgical diseases. The book is a great talent, reflecting the new view of modern neurosurgery diseases diagnosis and treatment. It is hoped that it can meet the needs of all levels of diagnosis and treatment in hospitals. It is helpful for clinical neurosurgery doctors and other related professional medical staff to further improve the level of diagnosis and treatment of neurosurgical diseases.

前 言

神经外科是一个朝气蓬勃的、发展迅猛的学科。神经外科在我国已有半个世纪的发展历史，过去由于科学技术落后，对神经外科疾病的诊断与治疗一直是临床上的难题。近 10 余年来，日新月异的现代化影像学技术，给神经外科疾病的诊断和治疗增添了一双明亮的“眼睛”，基础医学领域中出现分子生物学理论与微检测技术，加之在形态学上电子显微镜的应用，改变了对过去许多问题的认识和概念。时至今日，昔日的传统神经外科又相继分出显微神经外科、功能性神经外科、立体定向神经外科、颅底神经外科、血管内神经外科、内镜神经外科与立体定向放射神经外科等更精细、更尖端的专业化学科分支。现为展现现代，神经外科疾病的诊疗进展，特编写这本《神经外科疾病诊断与手术方法研究》。
        本书内容翔实、突出临床实用性，先详细介绍了神经外科基础知识，然后系统介绍了神经外科常见疾病的一般诊疗及手术治疗。该书博众才之长，反映了现代神经外科疾病的诊治新观点，希望能满足各级医院诊疗之需，对临床神经外科专业医师及其他相关专业医务人员，在进一步提高神经外科疾病的诊治水平上有所帮助。

Porous materials are an important branch of materials science, and porous metal materials are the most important type of porous materials. It not only has the characteristics of metal, but also has a series of special functions caused by the existence of various holes. It has been widely used in the national economy, especially in the fields of energy, environmental protection and aerospace.

In recent years, porous metal materials have developed rapidly. New materials, new theories, and new processes have continuously emerged, and the application fields have been continuously explored. They have become a class of advanced materials that have attracted worldwide attention. They are indispensable and important materials in energy, petrochemical, environmental protection, metallurgy, medical, aerospace, brewing and other fields.

 In order to adapt to the development of porous metal materials and meet the needs of the users, we have compiled a book based on our research results over the years and the latest developments at home and abroad. This book focuses on introducing new theories, new developments, and new trends in the field of porous metal materials, and hopes to help scientific and technical workers and users of porous metal materials stimulate new ideas.
    Due to the limitation of the author’s level, it is unavoidable to have some deficiencies in this book. Readers are welcome to criticize and correct.

前 言

多孔材料是材料学科中的一个重要分支，金属多孔材料又是最重要的一类多孔材料。 它不仅具有金属的特性， 而且有着因各类孔的存在而引发的一系列特殊功能，在国民经济中获得了广泛的应用，特别是在能源、环保及字航等领域发挥着及其重要的作用。
       这些年来金属多孔材料飞速发展，新材料、新理论、新工艺不断涌现，应用领域不断开拓，已成为举世瞩目的一类先进材料，更是能源、环保、石化、冶金、医疗、宇航、酿造等领域不可缺少的重要材料。
       为了适应金属多孔材料的发展，满足使用部门的需求，我们综合自己多年来的研究成果和国内外的最新发展状况编著了本书。本书重点介绍了金属多孔材料领域的新理论、新发展、新动向，希望能对金属多孔材料的科技工作者和使用部门激发
       新思想，开拓新思路有所帮助。由于作者水平所限，书中疏漏之处恳请读者批评指正。

In the late 1960s, Western developed countries such as Germany and Switzerland have begun to apply ecology principle to civil engineering experiments to restore damaged riparian ecosystems. After the 1990s, the concept of river ecological restoration has become a trend worldwide, and some countries have taken the lead in the research and practice of “restoring river life”. The river governance method of “wrapped” the river with concrete ignores that the river is also a living body, which has been generally rejected by various countries, and the ecological restoration of the river has become an international trend.
    The construction of an ecological city is to follow the principles of ecology and the laws of ecological economy, with the construction of the urban ecological environment and social development as the core. Through unified planning and comprehensive construction, the ecological construction, environmental protection, natural resource utilization, ecological restoration, economic development and urban and rural construction in the urban area are organically combined. Cultivate ecological landscape with blue sky, clear water, green ground, and beautiful scenery; induce an overall, harmonious, self-reliant, and open ecological civilization; incubate economically efficient, environmentally harmonious, and socially applicable ecological industries; build a civilized ecological community where man and nature coexist harmoniously. Ultimately realize the sustainable development and high degree of unification of regional economic, social and ecological benefits. Urban ecological water conservancy planning is based on the sustainable development of ecological city construction. According to the principles of ecology, following the laws and requirements of ecological balance, the planning of a water conservancy system that meets the virtuous cycle of the city and the sustainable use of water resources is established. Water conservancy construction and water-related activities are aimed at protecting, improving and restoring water ecological environment in cities and ensuring water ecology and water resources safety. Urban ecological water conservancy planning is a special plan of urban planning and an infrastructure in urban planning. It must not only obey the overall urban planning, but also enrich and perfect the overall urban planning. Therefore, we must not only focus on urban development planning, but also urban ecological water conservancy planning. Only in this way can we achieve sustainable human development.

前 言

20 世纪 60 年代后期，德国及瑞士等西方发达国家已开始将生态学原理应用于土木工程以恢复受损河岸生态系统的试验研究。 90 年代以后，河流生态修复理念在世界范围内成为趋势，一些国家率先开始了“恢复河流生命”的研究和实践。忽略河流也是生命体，将河流用混凝土“包”起来的河道治理方法，已被各国普遍否定，河流生态修复已经成为国际大趋势。
      生态城市建设就是遵循生态学原理与生态经济规律，以城市生态环境建设与社会发展为核心，通过统一规划、综合建设，把城市区域内生态建设、环境保护、自然资源的合理利用、生态破坏的恢复以及区域内社会经济发展与城乡建设有机地结合起来，培育天蓝、水清、地绿、景美的生态景观，诱导整体、合谐、自生、开放的生态文明，孵化经济高效、环境和谐、社会适用的生态产业，建设人与自然和谐共处的殷实、健康、文明向上的生态社区，最终实现区域性经济效益、社会效益、生态效益的可持续发展和高度统一。城市生态水利规划是以生态城市建设的可持续发展为目标，按照生态学原理，遵循生态平衡法则和要求，建立起来的满足城市良性循环和水资源可持续利用的水利体系的规划，旨在城市保护、改善和修复水生态环境并确保水生态和水资源安全的水利建设与水事活动。城市生态水利规划是城市规划的专项规划，是城市规划中的一项基础设施，它既要服从城市总体规划，又要丰富和完善城市总体规划。因此，我们在城市建设中不能只注重城市发展规划，还要注重城市生态水利规划，只有这样才能实现人类的可持续发展。

With the development of social economy and the improvement of people’s material living standard, people have higher requirements for the quality and convenience of living environment. Urban roads, urban bridges, water supply and drainage, gas, heat and other municipal facilities construction projects are the essential material foundation of a city, and the basic conditions for urban economic development and opening to the outside world. The industrialization of the country is based on the premise of vigorously developing infrastructure, and it develops with various fields of municipal engineering. To build a modern city, we must have the corresponding infrastructure to adapt to the development of various undertakings, so as to create a good living environment and improve the economic and social benefits of the city. Municipal engineering can be called pillar project backbone project, it not only transports nutrients in economic construction, such as urban water supply facilities to provide production water for enterprises and domestic water for residents, but also remove waste materials, such as discharge and treatment of industrial wastewater and domestic sewage by urban drainage facilities. It communicates the material exchange between urban and rural areas. Urban roads and bridges ensure the passage of production vehicles and living vehicles. It plays a very important role in promoting agricultural production and scientific and technological development, changing the urban appearance, and gradually improving the national economic construction and people’s material life.

    In order to meet people’s needs for municipal public facilities and provide convenient, safe and high-quality municipal facilities services for people’s daily life, as municipal engineering construction site management personnel, they should always pay attention to the new technology of municipal engineering construction, improve their own technical level and enrich their own business knowledge.

前 言

随着社会经济的发展，人们物质生活水平的提高，人们对生活环境的质量、便捷程度也有了更高的要求。城镇道路、城市桥梁、给排水、燃气、热力等市政设施建设工程，是城市必不可少的物质基础，是城市经济发展和实行对外开放的基本条件。国家的工业化都是以大力发展基础设施为前提，并伴随着市政工程的各个领域发展起来的。建设现代化的城市，必须有相应的基础设施，使之与各项事业的发展相适应，以创造良好的生活环境，提高城市的经济效益和社会效益。市政工程可称为支柱工程骨干工程，它既输送着经济建设中的养料，如城市供水设施向企业提供生产用水，向居民提供生活用水；排除废料，如城市排水设施排放处理工业废水和生活污水；沟通着城乡物资交流，城市道路、 桥梁保证生产用车和生活用车的通行，对于促进农业生产以及科学技术发展，改变城市面貌，使国家经济建设和人民物质生活逐步提高有着极为重要的作用。
       为了满足人们对市政公用设施的需求，为人们日常生活提供便捷、安全的高质量市政设施服务，作为市政工程施工现场管理人员，应时刻关注市政工程施工新技术，提高自身技术水平，丰富自身业务知识。

Obstetrics and gynecology is an important part of clinical medicine, which belongs to a wide range and strong integrity subject. In the long life of women, especially after maturity, special life events, such as marriage, childbirth, may make the female reproductive physiology and reproductive endocrine function abnormal. At the same time, due to the influence of social development and external environment, the female infectious lesions, reproductive tumors, reproductive endocrine diseases will occur. Whether these diseases can be diagnosed and treated in time is of great significance to their prognosis. Therefore, in order to improve the diagnosis and treatment level of obstetrics and gynecology diseases, and protect the health of women in China, the author has consulted a large number of domestic documents to compile this book.
    This book not only embodies the new theory, new technology and new progress in diagnosis and treatment technology in the field of Obstetrics and Gynecology, but also reflects the characteristics of these new diagnosis and treatment technologies in clinical practice, availability, ease of use or creating conditions for use. This book mainly introduces the common and practical diagnosis and treatment techniques of obstetrics and gynecology, and penetrates the new technologies in the field of obstetrics and gynecology organically into various chapters in recent years. And the book mainly focuses on diagnosis and treatment, and provides a brief description of the causes and pathogenesis, so as to solve practical problems for clinicians at all levels. It is hoped that this book can become a systematic and comprehensive reference book to guide the clinical work of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and become a mentor to the majority of Obstetrics and Gynecology colleagues.

前 言

妇产科是临床医学中重要的组成部分，属于临床医学中的一门涉及面较广和整体性较强的学科。在女性漫长的一生里，尤其是发育成熟后，其婚配、生育等特殊的人生事件，使女性生殖生理和生殖内分泌功能均有可能发生异常，同时也会因社会发展及外界环境变化的影响而发生女性感染性病变、生殖器官肿瘤、生殖内分泌疾病等，能否及时地诊断和正确地治疗这些疾病，对其预后有着重要的意义。因此，为了提高妇产科疾病的诊疗水平，更好地保障我国妇女人群的健康，作者参阅了国内大量的文献资料编写此书。
       本书既体现了目前妇产科领域在诊疗技术上的新理论、新技术和新进展，又体现了这些新诊疗技术对临床的实用、可用、易用或创造条件争取能用的特点。主要介绍妇产科常用和实用的诊疗技术，并将近年妇产科领域的新技术有机地渗透到各章节，以诊断和治疗为主，对病因、发病机制等从略或仅作简述，以为各级临床医师解决实际问题为主。 希望本书能成为系统、 全面地指导妇产科临床工作的参考书，并成为广大妇产科同仁的良师益友。