In recent years, the basic and clinical research of neurosurgery has entered a new era. People’s understanding of nervous system diseases has gone deep into the molecular level. The progress of neuroimaging technology and the development of minimally invasive surgery have also improved the diagnosis and surgical treatment of nervous system diseases.
    In the discussion part of this book, the concept and new progress of external science and neurosurgery are described, and then it is divided into neurosurgery foundation, craniocerebral injury, intracranial tumor, cerebrovascular disease, other neurosurgical diseases and neurosurgical operation basis, technology and nursing so as to provide practical theoretical guidance for the majority of medical personnel engaged in clinical and surgical neurosurgery.
    As this book covers more contents, involves more complicated knowledge, and has more compilers, the format, depth and breadth of the contents of each chapter may not be consistent, and fallacies are inevitable. Readers are welcome to criticize and correct it.

前 言

近年来，神经外科基础与临床的研究进人一个崭新的时代，人们对神经系统疾病的认识已经深入到分子水平，神经影像学技术的进步和微侵袭外科的发展，也使神经系统疾病的诊断和手术治疗技术日臻完善。
       本书论部分先对外科学、神经外科学的概念与新进展进行了基本阐述，后分为神经外科基础、颅脑损伤、颅内肿瘤、脑血管疾病、其他神经外科疾病以及神经外科手术基础、技术与护理进行了全面闸释与说明，以期为广大从事神经外科临床与手术的医务人员提供切合实用的理论指导。
       由于本书包罗内容较多，涉及知识较繁琐，编写人员较多，各章节内容的格式、深度和广度可能并不一致，且谬误无可避免，敬请广大读者批评指正。

Since the second half of the 20th century, with the development of urbanization in the world, the urban areas of various countries in the world are gradually expanding, and the urban population is gradually increasing, which makes all countries in the world face severe challenges in traffic problems. The trend of urbanization puts forward new requirements for the capacity and service level of urban public transport, and the development of urban traffic affects the function and development of the city. In order to make the urban functional activities can be carried out normally and efficiently, in order to protect the urban ecological environment and realize the sustainable development of urban social economy, countries all over the world take the solution of urban public transport as an
important work.
    Rail transit appeared in cities as public transportation for a long time in the world. With the development of science and technology and urbanization, mass transit plays an increasingly important role in modern big cities. The history of urban transportation development in economically developed countries tells us that only by adopting rail transit system with large passenger traffic volume is an effective way to fundamentally improve the situation of urban public transport. As the application technology and basic theory of urban rail transit in China are still in the development stage, most of the project implementation is to introduce technology and equipment, and the low localization rate has become the main reason for the high project cost. Therefore, to improve the technical strength of China’s urban rail transit industry, give full play to the ability of independent construction, and strive to reduce the project cost should always be the key to the development of mass transit.

前 言

二十世纪下半叶以来，伴随着世界范围内城市化发展的进程，世界各国的城市区域逐渐扩大，城市人口逐渐上升，使世界各国在交通问题上面临严峻的挑战。城市化的趋势对城市公共交通能力与服务水平不断提出新的要求，城市交通的发展状况又影响着城市功能的发挥和城市的发展。为使城市各项功能活动能正常、高效地进行，为保护城市生态环境、实现城市社会经济的可持续发展，世界各国纷纷把解决城市公共交通问题作为一项重要工作。
       世界上轨道交通很早就作为公共交通在城市中出现。随着科学技术和城市化的发展，大运量的轨道交通在现代大城市中越来越起着重要的作用。经济发达国家城市的交通发展历史告诉我们，只有采用大客运量的轨道交通系统，才是从根本上改善城市公共交通状况的有效途径。由于我国城市轨道交通的应用技术和基础理论都还处于开拓阶段，项目实施的大多数情况是要引进技术和设备，国产化率低，成为工程造价昂贵的主要原因。因而提高我国城市轨道交通行业的技术力量，发挥自主建设能力，努力降低工程造价，应该始终是发展大运量轨道交通的关键。

Ecological environment is the basis of human survival and development, which is related to the sustainable development of economy and society. In recent years, the world’s energy consumption has increased sharply and the ecological environment has been deteriorating. The sustainable development of human society has been seriously threatened. It has gradually become the consensus of the international community to strengthen energy conservation and emission reduction, save energy resources, protect the ecological environment and take the road of sustainable development.
    Saving energy resources and protecting ecological environment are the focus of attention of all countries in the world. In recent years, the world’s energy consumption has increased sharply, the ecological environment has been deteriorating, and the sustainable development of human society has been seriously threatened. As a big energy consumption country, China has few per capita resources and small environmental capacity. It is an inevitable choice to save energy resources and protect ecological environment to promote the construction of ecological civilization.
    Energy is not only the most important resource in the world, but also an important strategic material basis for social development and economic progress, and an important guarantee for national economic construction. With the rapid development of science and technology, only when the rational use of energy is implemented can we build a sustainable economy and a sustainable society, and finally protect the harmony of the ecological environment. Therefore, the research on “rational use of energy and protection of ecological environment” is the current stage of social development and economic growth must be explored.

前 言

生态环境是人类赖依生存和发展的基础，关系到经济社会的可持续发展。近年来，世界能源消费剧增，生态环境不断恶化，人类社会的可持续发展受到严重威胁，加强节能减排，节约能源资源，保护生态环境走可持续发展之路逐步成为国际社会的共识。
       节约能源资源，保护生态环境，是当前世界各国关注的焦点。近些年来，世界能源消费剧增，生态环境不断恶化，人类社会的可持续发展受到严重威胁，走可持续发展之路逐步成为国际社会的共识。我国作为能源消费大国，人均资源少、环境容量小，节约能源资源，保护生态环境，是推进生态文明建设的必然选择。
       能源是当今世界最重要的资源，也是社会发展和经济进步的重要战略物资基础，是关系到国民经济建设的重要保障。在科技日新月异的今天，只有合理利用能源得到落实，才能构建可持续发展的经济和可持续发展的社会，才能最终保护生态环境的和谐。因此，对于“合理利用能源，保护生态环境”的研究是现阶段社会发展经济增长必须探寻的。

Electric power industry is the basic energy industry of national economic production, which plays an important role in the modernization construction, involving industry, agriculture, national defense construction, science and technology and various fields of national economic construction. China’s power industry is booming, the installed capacity of power generation is growing rapidly, the scale of power grid is expanding, and the grid structure is becoming closer and closer. In 2020, China’s installed capacity of power generation will be ranked first in the world. In the next 20 years, China will be the largest market for the global power industry and electrical manufacturing industry. At present, the scale of China’s electric power industry ranks the second in the world, and the power demand in most areas can be met. However, there is still a considerable gap between China’s electrification level and that of developed countries, especially in terms of per capita electricity consumption, which is only one third of the world average level. Therefore, it is of great significance for our country to realize leapfrog development in the 21st century to cultivate high-level talents of electrical engineering specialty and promote the
construction of electric power industry.
    Electrical engineering is a profession with a long history. After more than 100 years of continuous development, electrical engineering has gradually developed into a new electrical engineering discipline. So far, electrical engineering has become an independent discipline with wide coverage, perfect theoretical system, successful engineering practice and wide application field. Electrical engineering has brought great and profound influence to
many aspects of human society. In the past 100 years, electrical engineering has been playing a very important role in China’s higher education. It has trained a large number of planning, design, construction, production and management and scientific and technological talents for the country. They have made great contributions to the construction of electrical engineering and other fields in China.

前 言

电力工业是国民经济生产的基础能源工业，对于现代化建设具有举足轻重的地位，涉及工业、农业、国防建设、科学技术以及国民经济建设的各个领域。我国电力工业正在蓬勃发展，发电装机容量迅速增长，电网规模不断扩大、网架日趋紧密，2020 年，我国发电装机容量将稳居世界第一。未来 20 年，中国将是全球电力工业和电工制造业的最大市场。目前我国电力工业的规模已居世界第二位，大部分地区电力需求能得到满足。然而，我国电气化水平和发达国家还有相当一段差距，尤其在人均用电量方面，仅为世界平均水平的三分之一。因此，培养适应新时期电气工程类专业的高级人才， 促进电力工业建设， 对于 21 世纪我国实现跨越式发展具有重要意义。
       电气工程专业是一门历史悠久的专业。经过一百多年的不断发展，电气工程专业已逐步发展成为一个新兴的电气工程学科。至今，电气工程学科已形成为学科覆盖面广、学科理论体系完善、工程实践成功、应用领域宽广的一门独立学科。电气工程给人类社会的许多方面带来了巨大而深刻的影响。近一百年来，电气工程专业在我国高等教育中一直占据着十分重要的地位，为国家培养了大批的规划、设计、建设、生产及管理和科技人才，他们为我国电气工程的建设及其他领域的工作作出了巨大的贡献。

As an emerging IT technology in recent years, blockchain may bring changes to any social cooperation mode with credit endorsement by third-party institutions, and trigger profound changes in the fields of financial services, enterprise operation, social life and even social governance.
    Blockchain is a decentralized and distrusted distributed ledger technology, which is composed of distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism, encryption algorithm and other technologies. Blockchain is the underlying technology originated from bitcoin. Although the blockchain technology is still in development, there are still many problems to be solved, but with the continuous improvement of the basic platform, the application of blockchain will get rapid development. At present, on the one hand, blockchain has a dazzling aura, on the other hand, there are still many problems to be solved in practical applications, such as a large number of redundant storage. Shared data brings challenges in data security and privacy protection. In decentralized and anonymous blockchain system, private key is used to manage user assets. Once the private key is lost, the corresponding asset ownership will also be lost. However, nowadays, the protection of private key is basically realized by software, and it is possible to be broken in theory. In addition, there are also some contradictions between the protection and verification of sensitive data on the chain. People not only hope that important information is invisible to irrelevant parties, but also need stakeholders to verify information in some scenarios. In addition, there are also some problems in smart contract, such as the existing judicial system’s understanding and acceptance of smart contract, some qualitative contract terms are difficult to be expressed in code, and the impact of code defects on the implementation of smart contract. These problems of blockchain need to be further explored, and a lot of hard work needs to be done.

前 言

区块链作为近年来新兴的 IT 技术， 对任何由第三方机构来进行信用背书的社会协作模式都可能会带来改变，并在金融服务、企业运作、社会生活甚至社会治理等领域引发深远的变革。
        区块链是一种去中心化、去信任化的分布式账本技术，由分布式数据存储、点对点传输、共识机制、加密算法等多种技术集合而成。区块链是起源于比特币的底层技术，虽然区块链技术仍在发展之中，仍有不少问题需要解决，但是随着基础平台的不断完善，区块链应用将得到快速发展。当前，区块链一方面带有耀眼的光环，另一方面在现实应用中还存在着很多问题亟待解决，比如，大量冗余存储等。共享的数据带来数据安全和隐私保护等方面的挑战； 在去中心化、 匿名的区块链系统中，使用私钥管理用户资产，私钥一旦丢失，对应的资产所有权也将丢失，而如今应用对于私钥保护基本上是用软件来实现的，理论上都存在被攻破的可能性。另外，链上敏感数据的保护与验证也存在一定的矛盾，人们既希望重要的信息对于无关者不可见，又需要相关者在一些场景下验证信息。除此之外，智能合约也存在着一些问题，如现有司法系统对智能合约的理解和接受程度问题，部分定性合同条款难以用代码来表述的问题，代码缺陷对智能合约执行影响的问题等。对于区块链的这些问题还需要进一步探索，还有大量艰苦的工作要做。