As we all know, there are many factors that need to be considered when carrying out the design of road and bridge projects, such as ensuring high construction safety and ensuring low consumption costs. In the past, when people carried out design work, they mostly carried out custom design. Its advantage is that it can gradually meet each design requirement from the minimum design requirements, but it also has obvious shortcomings, such as the inability to handle some unclear elements appearing in the structure layout process, and it is even more inconsistent with construction safety regulations, resulting in uncontrollable costs. In recent years, road and bridge collapse accidents have occurred in our country, and the reason for this phenomenon is, from a specific level, the reason is that the structure of road bridge is damaged, which makes its bearing capacity worse. Therefore, in order to ensure that the road bridge can be well maintained, increase its use time, increase the safety index, prevent the occurrence of early damage, and reduce subsequent maintenance funds, it is necessary to actively implement the structured design thinking.

Therefore, this book analyzes the design and application of road and bridge concrete from the content of seven chapters, hoping to have a certain effect.

前言

众所周知，在开展道桥项目设计工作的时候需要考虑的要素非常多，比如要确保施工的安全性高，要保证耗用的成本少等。在过去的时候，人们开展设计工作的时候，多是以定制设计为中心开展的。它的优点在于可以从最低设计需求人手逐步满足每个设计需求，但是它也存在明显的不足之处，比如无法很好的处理结构布局过程中出现的一些无法明确的要素，更加不符合施工安全规定，导致成本不可控。最近几年，我们国家不断发生道路桥梁塌陷事故，而之所以会出现这种现象，从特定层面上来看，原因在于道路桥梁的结构受到损伤进而使得它的受力能力变差。因此，为了确保道路桥梁能够被很好的维护，增加它的使用时间，提升安全指数，防止早期损害现象出现，减少后续维护资金，就要积极落实结构化设计思想。

因此本书从七章内容道路桥梁混凝土设计与应用进行全面的分析，希望有一定的作用。

Filed tax analysis will bring many first memories: the first time I did the work of analyzing report entry; the first time the thesis was awarded the stock tax source analysis; the first time I went to Yangzhou Tax Academy to participate in analysis training; I was fortunate to be selected Tax leader students major in tax economic analysis ...

For more than ten years, I have always been in awe of tax analysis. How to make the analysis report accurately reflect the tax situation? How to better meet the needs of work and deepen innovation? How to dig out the maximum value of data in the era of big data? The only way out is to keep studying. Tax analysis is a science that collects, analyzes, expresses, interprets, and predicts data in Dacheng. If you want to be good at work, you must sharpen your skills first. I look forward to the research on analysis methods and indicators, which can deepen the use of data, expand the perspective of analysis, expand the width of topic selection, break through the analysis bottleneck, and try to learn a little bit In summary, a first draft of the book was exported.

In this book, Chapter 1 summarizes the common analysis report forms, characteristics, principles, development status and prospects, etc. Chapter 2 sorts out the main tax analysis methods; Chapter 3 details the main macro tax analysis indicators ; Chapter 4 explores the comprehensive application of basic models and indicators of micro tax analysis while summarizing the micro tax analysis indicators. Due to my level of research, the depth and breadth of this book are still limited, please forgive me for any omissions, and look forward to more valuable comments and discussions from readers. Thank you!

Finally, I would also like to thank the leaders and teachers who urged me to come all the way. Their rigor and tolerance have kept me motivated and not slack. I am also grateful to my family, who are the source of my continuous efforts. This book is a summary of previous studies and a starting point for further research in the future.

Li Ling December 2019

序 言

提起税收分析，会牵起很多第一次的回忆：第一次做的工作是分析报表录入； 第一次论文获奖题目是存量税源分析；第一次去扬州税院是参加分析培训；有幸入选税务领军学员专业是税收经济分析……

从税十余年，我始终对税收分析心怀敬畏。如何使分析报告精准反映税收实况？如何更加契合工作的需要并深化创新？如何在大数据时代挖掘出数据的最大价值？唯一的出路就是不断钻研。税收分析是一门集数据的收集、分析、表述、解释、预测于大成的科学。工欲善其事、必先利其器，我期待着对分析方法和指标的研究， 能深化数据运用、拓展分析视野、扩展选题宽度、突破分析瓶颈，并试着把学习的心得一点点总结出来，汇出了此书的初稿。

此书中，第一章对常见的分析报告形式、特点、原理、发展现状及前景等进行了总结；第二章梳理了主要的税收分析方法；第三章详细描述了主要的宏观税收分析指标；第四章在总结微观税收分析指标的同时对微观税收分析基本模型和指标的综合运用进行了探索。囿于本人的研究水平，本书的深度和广度尚有局限，疏漏之处敬请谅解，期待广大读者多提宝贵意见，共同探讨，不胜感激！

最后，还要感谢一路督促激励我走过来的领导和师长，他们的严谨和包容让我始终积极向上，不敢懈怠。同时也很感激我的家人，他们是我不断努力的源泉。此书是之前学习研究的总结，也是今后继续钻研的起点，是为序。

李 玲

2019年 12 月

With the rapid development of society and economy, the requirements for living and for related design and construction companies are getting higher and higher.The pressure of competition among enterprises is increasing. In order to enhance their core competitiveness, relevant companies should continuously strengthen project quality management and cost control during the construction process.Due to the complexity, vastness and importance of large-scale engineering projects, higher technical and management requirements are put forward for all organizations and managers involved in the construction. Especially in the quality management, there are many problems to be solved. Traditional quality management theories and methods cannot fully meet the requirements of new technologies, conditions and environments. Therefore, quality control and management during the construction of large projects has become a hot topic in the field of project management.

Engineering construction quality control is a comprehensive construction management process. For engineering contracting enterprises, scientific quality management and control measures not only help improve the quality level of construction, but also earn more economic profits and a good social reputation for it. Quality management in construction stage is the core of project management. Therefore, this book analyzes the quality and technical supervision and control management from seven chapters, and studies the engineering quality control system and management strategy throughout the construction process. It hopes to improve the quality management of large-scale projects.

前言

随着社会经济的快速发展，人民群众对居住的要求越来越高，对相关设计、施工企业的要求也越来越高，企业之间的竞争压力与日俱增。为了增强自身的核心竞争力，相关企业应当不断加强在施工过程中的项目质量管理和成本控制。大型工程项目由于其复杂性、庞大性以及重要性，对所有参与建设的组织和管理者都提出了更高的技术和管理要求，尤其是在质量管理方面，存在诸多亟待解决的问题。传统的质量管理理论和方法无法完全适应新的技术、条件和环境等方面的要求，因此，大型工程施工过程中的质量控制与管理成为工程管理领域的热点。 

工程施工质量控制是一个综合性的施工管理过程。科学的质量管理和控制措施，对于工程承包企业来说，既有助于提高施工的质量水平，也能为其赢取更多的经济利润和良好的社会声誉。在工程项目管理中，施工阶段的质量管理处于项目管理的核心地位。因此，本书从七章内容对质量技术监督与控制管理进行分析，对施工全过程工程质量控制体系和管理策略的研究分析，希望能够提高大型工程施工质量管理水平。

Geotechnical engineering survey is the foundation and guarantee for the organization of construction activities. Through geotechnical investigation, the geological condition of the construction area can be comprehensively analyzed to make the construction practice more accurate and efficient. Hydrogeological factors are important in geotechnical investigation. The distribution of groundwater in hydrogeology is summarized to effectively avoid the erosion and impact of groundwater on buildings and increase the service life of buildings.

With the development of China's economic reform, an indispensable link in construction engineering is geotechnical engineering investigation. According to the basic requirements of construction procedures, geotechnical engineering surveys must be conducted for each project construction before construction design. The quality of the survey results directly affects the engineering cost and safety of construction projects. Geotechnical engineering is the premise of various national construction projects, and it is of great significance to the construction of national infrastructure. Therefore, it is necessary to reform the technology in geotechnical engineering, improve the quality and efficiency in geotechnical investigation, and make preparations for various stages of geotechnical engineering. In order to meet the needs of today's social development, geotechnical engineering institutions should strengthen the reform of investigation, so as to ensure the quality of geotechnical engineering and improve the construction process of infrastructure in China.

This book mainly expounds and analyzes in detail from the survey techniques of hydrogeological engineering, engineering geology, environmental geological engineering, and geotechnical engineering. It is hoped that this book can help some related staff.

前言

岩土工程勘察是施工建设活动组织开展的基础和保障，通过岩土工程勘察，可以全面分析施工区域的地质状况，使施工实践更加精准高效。岩土工程勘察中，水文地质因素是重要环节，对水文地质中的地下水分布规律加以梳理总结，能够有效避免建筑物遭受地下水的侵蚀和影响，提高建筑物的使用年限。

随着我国经济改革的发展，建设工程中不可缺少的重要环节是岩土工程勘察。按建设程序基本的要求，各项工程建设在施工设计前必须进行岩土工程勘察，勘察成果的质量直接影响建设项目的工程造价和工程安全。岩土工程是国家各项建筑工程的前提，对国家基础设施的建设具有重要的意义。因此改革岩土工程中的技术，改良岩土勘察过程中的质量和效率，为岩土工程的各个阶段做好准备。岩土工程机构为满足当今社会发展的需要，应该加强对勘察的改革力度，从而保障岩土工程质量。提高我国基础设施的建设进程。

本书主要从水文地质工程、工程地质、环境地质工程以及岩土地质工程的勘察技术等方面进行详细的阐述与分析，希望能够对相关工作人员有一定的帮助。

With the continuous development of social history and the continuous progress of science and technology, people have paid more and more attention to the role of education, and have higher and higher expectations of education. Education should serve not only social and economic development and technological progress, but also social reform and cultural development. This is the complete connotation that education serves the socialist modernization construction. The National Medium- and Long-Term Educational Reform and Development Program (2010-2020) clearly states that the focus of future education reform and development is to promote education equity and improve education quality. In modern economic construction, people have have the view of “30% technology, 70% management”, and put forward the slogans “to scientific management for quality” and “to scientific operation and management for efficiency”, which shows the importance of management. The same goes for teaching management. Teaching management is the core work of a school, which directly affects the quality of school education and teaching, and plays a vital role in the long-term development of the school. Facing the requirements of the entire society for the educational process and results, and for the professional quality of teachers, teaching managers must pay attention to how to adapt to the new changes in the new situation of education, how school managers will adapt to the reform and development of education, and how to make adjustments.

Informatization has become the overall cause of China’s current education field; and it seems to be the contemporary form of China’s education modernization. The field of educational technology has always been at the forefront of educational informatization. Therefore, it is necessary for educational technologists to discuss the modernity problem of education from the perspective of their own practice and research; and then we may learn our understanding of educational informationization.

This book provides a basic and comprehensive introduction to modern education and teaching management from the content of eight chapters. It is hoped that it can provide reference for relevant staff.

前言

随着社会历史的不断发展和科学技术的不断进步，人们越来越重视教育的作用，对教育的期望也越来越高。教育不仅应该为社会经济发展和科技进步服务，更应该为社会改革和文化发展服务，这是教育为社会主义现代化建设服务的完整内涵。在《国家中长期教育改革和发展规划纲要》中明确指出：今后教育改革和发展的重点是促进教育公平和提高教育质量。在现代经济建设中，人们有“三分技术，七分管理”的说法，提出了“向科学管理要质量”，“向科学经营管理要效益”的口号，足见管理的重要性。教学管理工作亦如此。教学管理是学校的核心工作，它直接影响着学校的教育教学质量，对于学校的长远发展起着至关重要的作用。面对整个社会对教育过程和结果的要求、对教师职业素质的要求,教学管理者必须关注如何去适应教育新形势下的新变化，学校管理者又将怎样去适应教育的改革和发展变化，以及做出怎样的调整方案等问题。

信息化已成为中国当下教育领域的整体事业，似乎也是中国教育现代化的当代形式。教育技术领域一直冲在教育信息化的排头。因此，教育技术学者有必要从自身实践与研究视野出发，讨论教育的现代性问题，并由此反观我们对教育信息化的理解。

本书从八章内容对现代教育与教学管理进行基础全面的介绍，希望能够为相关工作人员提供资料借鉴。