The determination of engineering cost is an important link to standardize the construction market order and improve the investment efficiency, which has strong policy, economy, science and technology. With the deepening of engineering cost system reform, China’s engineering cost is gradually changing the static management mode dominated by quota in the past, implementing the dynamic management system based on market changes, and actively implementing the bill of quantities pricing system, which greatly promotes the progress of the reform of project cost management system.

    Engineering cost management runs through the whole process of construction project and is an important content of project construction investment management. The engineering cost management takes construction project as the research object, combines engineering technology, economy, management, laws and regulations and engineering practice, and emphasizes on introducing the inherent laws of construction cost in different stages of construction project, as well as the theory and method of determining and controlling the engineering cost. It is a systematic project involving construction engineering technology, engineering economics, construction laws and regulations, construction engineering measurement and pricing, economic management and other interdisciplinary systems engineering. Construction engineering cost management is related to the construction quality and progress of construction projects. In the process of compiling this textbook, although it has been repeatedly considered and proofread, due to the author’s short time and lack of experience, there must be omissions or deficiencies. We sincerely invite peer experts and the majority of authors to criticize and correct.

前 言

工程造价的确定是规范建设市场秩序，提高投资效益的重要环节，具有很强的政策性、经济性、科学性和技术性。随着工程造价体制改革的不断深入，我国工程造价正逐步改变过去以定额为主导的静态管理模式，实行依据市场变化的动态管理体制，并积极推行工程量清单计价制度，极大推进了工程造价管理体制改革的前进步伐。

工程造价管理贯穿于建设工程的全过程，是工程建设投资管理的重要内容。工程造价管理以建设工程为研究对象，结合工程技术、经济、管理和法律法规等手段和工程实践，着重介绍建设工程不同阶段工程造价的内在规律，以及确定和控制工程造价的理论与方法，是涉及建设工程技术、工程经济学、建设法规、建设工程计量与计价、经济管理学等多学科交叉的系统工程，建筑工程造价管理关系到建筑工程的施工质量和施工进度。本教材在编写过程中，虽然经过反复斟酌和校对，但由于作者编写时间仓促，经验不足，定有疏漏或不足之处，敬请同行专家和广大作者批评指正。

As an academic term, piano art is a very extensive vocabulary. Scholars have different opinions on its connotation. In a broad sense, the theory of piano art should include many factors, such as the history of piano art, piano performance, piano teaching and so on. These factors are not separated from each other and thety have close connection with each other. They are relatively independent and integrated with each other, thus forming the overall concept of piano art theory. Therefore, the piano art theory and teaching research should be studied from the musical instrument evolution, music style inheritance, performance theory, teaching theory, teaching work training, aesthetic concept and other aspects of cultural characteristics. Piano not only integrates the noble artistic ideal of human beings, but also makes the emotional communication between people closer with a special language form, which reflects the indispensable role of music in people’s life and body and mind. Nowadays, in the era of rapid development in all aspects of society, people need more music, especially the aesthetic power of piano music. It is because of this that piano art can achieve its eternal prosperity for thousands of years.
    This book is a highly readable work. It has neither the desire to flatter the public, nor the intention to mystify. It only seeks to make the problems clear and the truth clear. This book can be used as a reference book for music professional learners, and also as a channel for amateur piano lovers to understand piano art in depth. In the process of compiling this book, the author has referred to and used for reference the views and works of some famous scholars and experts. Here, the author would like to express the deep gratitude to them. It is inevitable that there will be deficiencies in the book. The author hopes that readers and experts can put forward valuable opinions for further revision and improvement.

前 言

作为一个学术名词，钢琴艺术是一个外延非常广泛的词汇，各位学者对它的内涵界定又可谓是仁者见仁、智者见智。广义上讲，钢琴艺术理论应包括钢琴艺术史、钢琴演奏、钢琴教学等多方面的因素，这些因素之间不是相互脱离、毫无关联的，它们既相对独立、又相互融合，由此才构成了钢琴艺术理论的整体概念。因此，钢琴艺术理论及教学研究应该从乐器沿革、音乐风格传承、演奏理论、教学理论、教学作品训练、审美观念等多方面的文化特征角度来完整地认知。钢琴不仅融合了人类高尚的艺术理想，而且用一种特殊的语言形式使得人与人之间的情感交流更加密切，体现了音乐在人们生活和身心方面的不可或缺。如今，在社会各方面都在高速发展的时代，人们更加需要音乐尤其是钢琴音乐的审美力量，也正因如此，钢琴艺术才能实现千百年来的久盛不衰。
       本书是一部可读性较强的作品。它既无哗众取宠之心，也无故弄玄虚之意，只求把问题讲清楚，把道理说明白。本书既可以作为音乐专业学习者的参考书，也可以作为业余钢琴爱好者深入了解钢琴艺术的渠道。作者在编写本书过程中，参考和借鉴了一些知名学者和专家的观点及论著，在此向他们表示深深的感谢。书中难免会出现不足之处，希望各位读者和专家能够提出宝贵意见，以待进一步修改，使之更加完善。

Vigorously developing transportation is an important guarantee to accelerate the realization of China’s modernization. Modern transportation in all directions plays an important role in strengthening the unity of the people of all ethnic groups, developing the national economy, promoting cultural exchanges and consolidating national defense. In the construction of highway, railway, urban and rural road traffic and water conservancy, in order to cross various obstacles (such as rivers, valleys or other lines), various types of bridges or culverts must be built, so bridges and culverts have become an important part of land transportation. Especially in the construction of modern high-grade highway and urban viaduct, road and bridge are not only very large in scale, but also the key to ensure the whole line to be opened to traffic as soon as possible. In national defense construction, bridges are the throat of transportation. It plays a very important role in the modern war which needs high speed and mobility.

  With the progress of science and technology, the improvement of industrial level and the rapid development of social productivity, people put forward higher requirements for road and bridge construction. The overpasses, viaducts and urban viaducts moving back and forth on modern expressways, Gulf and Strait bridges with tens of meters, suburban high-speed railway bridges and light rail transportation viaducts are not only large-scale engineering entities, but also like a rainbow on the ground, which make the city look particularly beautiful.
  Throughout the world’s major cities, often with the majestic bridge as the symbol and pride of the city. With the continuous expansion of road and bridge construction scale, the role of large bridges in national economy and social life is becoming more and more important.

前 言

大力发展交通运输事业是加速实现我国现代化的重要保证。四通八达的现代交通,对于加强全国各族人民的团结， 发展国民经济,促进文化交流和巩固国防等都具有非常重要的作用。在公路、铁路、城市和农村道路交通及水利等建设中,为了跨越各种障碍(如河流,沟谷或其他线路等)，必须修建各种类型的桥梁或涵洞,故桥涵已成为陆路交通的重要组成部分。 特别是在现代高等级公路及城市高架道路的修建中,道路桥梁不仅在工程规模上十分巨大,还往往是保证全线早日通车的关键。 在国防建设上,桥梁是交通运输的咽喉。 在需要高度快速、 机动的现代战争中具有非常重要的地位。
       随着科学技术的进步， 工业水平的提高,社会生产力的高速发展,人们对道路桥梁建筑提出了更高的要求。现代高速公路上迁回交叉的立交桥、高架桥和城市高架道路， 数十米的海湾和海峡大桥,新发展的城郊高速铁路桥与轻轨运输高架桥等不但是规模巨大的工程实体，而且犹如一条地上彩虹，将城市装扮得格外美丽。
       纵观世界各大城市,常以雄伟的大桥作为城市的标志与骄傲。 并随着道路桥梁建设规模的不断扩大,大型桥梁在国民经济和社会生活中的作用越来越重要。

In recent years, the application of ultrasound in medicine has been developing rapidly. Ultrasound diagnosis, with its simple, injury-free, pain-free, high accuracy and good repeatability, has been generally welcomed by clinicians and patients, and has become one of the most commonly used methods to diagnose diseases. With the development of ultrasound technology and ultrasonic instruments, ultrasound medicine has become more and more widely used, and has gradually become an important content that ultrasound medical workers must learn.

  Ultrasound medicine is a diagnostic method of ultrasound comprehensive imaging, which is a highly theoretical and practical subject, and is widely used in clinical medicine. It not only involves general internal surgery, obstetrics and gynecology, pediatrics and other major departments, but also has close contact with many specialties such as neurology, cardiovascular, urology, endocrinology, oncology, etc. With the increasing scope of clinical application of ultrasound imaging technology, in order to facilitate medical personnel to learn and use ultrasound diagnosis and treatment technology, we compiled this book on the basis of a large number of domestic and foreign literature.

  The Editorial Board Members of this book has grasped the principle of “less and more refined” and simplified as far as possible. Due to the limitation of space and the level of the editor, there are inevitably some omissions and improperieties in the content of this book, readers are welcome to criticize or correct them.

前 言

近年来，超声在医学上的应用得到了飞速的发展。超声诊断以其简便易行、无损伤、无痛苦、准确性高、重复性好等特点，受到临床医生和患者的普遍欢迎，成为诊断疾病最常用的方法之一。超声技术和超声仪器的发展进步，更使得超声医学拥有了愈加广阔的应用领城，逐渐成为超声医学工作者必须学习的重要内容。
      超声医学是超声综合成像技术用于临床的诊断方法，是理论性和实践性很强的学科，在临床医学中的应用越来越广泛。它不仅涉及一般内外科、妇产科、儿科等主要科室，还与不少专科如神经内科、心血管科、泌尿外科、内分泌科、肿瘤科等有着密切联系。随着超声影像技术临床应用范围的日益扩大，为了便于医务人员学习和运用超声诊断和治疗技术， 我们在参考了大量国内外文献的基础上编写了此书。
       本书编委们掌握尽可能“少而精”和删繁就简的原则，由于篇幅限制和编著者的水平，本书内容难免尚有疏漏、不当之处，诚恳希望同道们不吝指正。

China’s economic and social is continuously developing, and the construction  industry has entered a stage of rapid development. In the development process of the  construction industry, project management occupies an important position. Only by  improving the efficiency and level of project management, can we ensure the quality of  construction projects and promote the healthy development of the construction industry.  As an important branch of management science, construction project management has its  own characteristics. Construction engineering project management is known as an  important aspect of project management in the 21st century. Construction engineering  companies face a more complex competitive environment and stronger competitors. In  order to compete for market and survival space, enterprises should stand at the height of  strategy and cultivate long-term competitive advantages. Cost management is a new tool  to enhance the competitiveness of enterprises.  

  In recent years, with the acceleration of the urbanization, China’s construction  industry has shown a rapid development trend, and the scale of construction projects has  been expanded to a certain extent, which has put forward new requirements for  construction engineering management. Based on this, the management personnel should  combine the current construction engineering management needs of our country, try to  apply project management to the construction engineering management work, gradually  improve the management efficiency and management standardization, provide  corresponding guarantee for the strengthening of construction engineering management  quality, and provide certain support for the modernization construction and development  of the industry. Based on many years of experience in construction engineering  management, this book systematically summarizes the management knowledge of  construction engineering for reference of construction management workers.

前 言  

我国的经济社会不断发展，建筑行业也进入了快速发展阶段。在建筑行业的发展过程中，工程管理占据着重要位置，只有提高工程管理的效率和水平，才能保证建筑工程质量，促进建筑行业的健康发展。建筑工程项目管理作为管理科学的重要分支，有其自身特点。建筑工程项目管理被称为21 世纪项目管理的一个重要方面，建筑工程企业面对的是更复杂的竞争环境和更强劲的竞争对手。企业为了争夺市场和生存空间，应该站在战略的高度，培育长期竞争优势。而成本管理正是提升企业竞争力的新工具。 

近年来，随着城市化进程的加快，我国建筑行业呈现出飞速发展的趋势，建筑工程项目规模得到了一定程度上的拓展，这对建筑工程管理工作提出了新的要求。基于此，管理人员应该结合当前我国建筑工程管理需求，尝试将项目化管理应用到建筑工程管理工作中，逐步提升管理效率和管理规范性，为建筑工程管理质量的强化提供相 应的保障，为建筑行业的现代化建设和发展提供一定的支持。基于多年的建筑工程管理工作经验，本书系统总结了建筑工程的管理知识，供建筑管理工作者借鉴。