Highway bridge engineering detection is an important part of highway bridge construction quality management. Through the test and detection, the quality of various raw materials, semi-finished products and finished components can be evaluated quantitatively, so as to make full use of local raw materials, and rapidly promote the application of new materials, new technologies and new processes, and reasonably control the construction quality and scientifically evaluate the quality of highway and bridge engineering. Therefore, the test and detection work will play a very important role in ensuring and improving the project quality, speeding up the construction progress, reducing the project cost and promoting the progress of highway engineering construction technology.
    The detection technology of highway and bridge engineering is a new developing subject, which integrates the theoretical knowledge of test, detection, practical operation skills and related basic knowledge, involves a wide range of knowledge, and contains more project contents. In order to enable the engineering, testing personnel or quality control management personnel to acquire relatively systematic and complete highway bridge construction detection knowledge, so as to do a good job in the key links of engineering material quality, construction control parameters, on-site construction process quality and engineering quality acceptance, this book is specially compiled.
    Due to the rapid development of new methods, new technologies and new specifications of highway engineering test and detection, as well as the limited level of the editor, there are inevitably some defects in the book. The majority of teachers and students and readers who use the book are welcome to criticize and correct them.

前 言

公路桥梁工程检测工作是公路桥梁施工质量管理中的一个重要组成部分。通过试验、检测，能用定量的方法评价各种原材料、半成品和成品构件的质量，从而充分地利用当地原材料，亦能迅速推广应用新材料、新技术和新工艺，能合理地进行施工质量控制和科学地评定公路桥梁工程质量。因此，试验、检测工作对于保证和提高工程质量、加快施工进度、降低工程造价、推动公路工程施工技术进步，将起到极为重要的作用。
       公路桥梁工程、检测技术是正在发展的新学科，它融试验，检测理论知识和实际操作技能及相关基础知识于一体，涉及知识面较广包含的项目内容较多。为使工程、检测人员或质量控制管理人员获得比较系统完整的公路桥梁施工检测知识，以便在工程施工中做好工程材料质量、施工控制参数、现场施工过程质量和工程质量验收这几个关键环节的把关工作，特编写此书。
       由于公路工程试验检测新方法、 新技术及新规范发展迅速， 加之编者水平有限，书中难免存在不妥之处，敬请使用本书的广大师生和读者批评指正。

With the rapid development of China’s construction, in order to strengthen the construction management of mechanical and electrical engineering, ensure the engineering quality and construction safety, it is imperative to improve the quality of mechanical and electrical engineering professional and technical personnel, and standardize the construction management behavior. With the advent of the electronic age, the traditional manual industry is gradually replaced, and electromechanical equipment is widely used in highway engineering. Therefore, the number of mechanical and electrical equipment installation is increasing rapidly, which inevitably leads to some problems in the installation process. These problems seriously affect the quality and safety performance of mechanical and electrical equipment, so we should understand the installation process and precautions of mechanical and electrical equipment, and clarify the structure and installation sequence of mechanical and electrical equipment. The level of mechanical and electrical engineering construction technology determines the construction progress, quality, safety and economy of the project, directly affects the benefit of the construction enterprise, and determines the sustainable development ability and competitiveness of the enterprise. The construction technology level of the enterprise is composed of the basic quality and technical level of several project leaders, constructors and all construction personnel.
    This paper mainly describes the construction of mechanical and electrical installation of common quality problems and its prevention and control measures. In the mechanical and electrical installation construction work, including a variety of engineering projects, including drainage engineering, weak current engineering and electrical engineering, as well as fire engineering and air conditioning and ventilation engineering. The important part of mechanical and electrical installation engineering is electrical engineering and weak current engineering. Therefore, the material quality should be controlled, the installation technology level should be improved, and the construction management should be strengthened. Due to the lack of experience of the editor, there may be mistakes and omissions in the article. Readers are welcome give criticism and correction.

前 言

随着我国建设事业的迅速发展，为了加强机电工程施工管理，保证工程质量和施工安全，提高机电工程专业技术人员素质，规范施工管理行为，已经势在必行。电子时代的到来，传统的手工行业被渐渐取代，机电设备被广泛应用于高速公路工程中，因此机电设备安装数量急剧增加，使得在安装过程中会不可避免地出现一些问题。这些问题严重影响机电设备的质量和安全性能，所以应该对机电设备的安装流程及注意事项进行了解，明确机电设备的结构、安装顺序。机电工程施工技术的水平决定了项目的施工进度、质量、安全性和经济性，直接影响施工企业的效益，决定了企业的可持续发展的能力和竞争力，而企业的施工技术水平是由若干位项目负责人、建造师和全体施工人员的基本素质、技术水平构成的。
      本文主要讲述了建筑机电安装常见的质量问题和其防治措施。在机电安装施工工作中，包括各种工程项目，包括排水工程、弱电工程和电气工程，还包括消防工程和空调通风工程等。机电安装工程的重要组成部分是电气工程和弱电工程，因此具体施工环节应控制材料质量，提高安装技术水平，加强施工管理。由于编者经验不足，文章可能出现错漏，望广大读者给予批评指正。

With the development of economic construction and the improvement of people’s living standards, China’s heating industry has also been rapid development. The vast majority of public buildings and industrial enterprises in the northern region are installed with central heating equipment, and residential buildings are also installed with heating equipment, which makes the living more comfortable and hygienic, and the environmental conditions have been greatly improved.
    Heating engineering is widely used in various sectors of the national economy, and is closely related to energy application, environmental protection, energy conservation and emission reduction, haze control and improvement of life quality. In order to make the heating system economic, energy-saving, safe and reliable operation, a large number of professionals with special knowledge are needed.
    In the process of writing, the author explained profound theories in simple language, acted in cooperation from start to finish and made foreign things serve China on the basis of the actual situation. The description text is simple and clear; the concept and principle are explained with pictures and texts; the key points are highlighted in the graphic expression; the examples are matched with the hydraulic calculation method. The form and content of heating system are expanded and extended.
    Due to the limited level of the editor, omissions are inevitable. Readers are requested to make comments and corrections.

前 言 

随着经济建设的发展和人民生活水平的提高，我国的供热事业也得到迅速发展。北方地区的绝大多数公共建筑和工业企业都装设了集中供暖设备，居民住宅也陆续装设了供暖设备，居住的更加舒适、卫生，环境条件得到很大的改善。
       供热工程广泛应用于国民经济各个部门，与能源应用、环境保护、节能减排、雾霾治理和提高生活质量密切相关。为了使供热系统经济、节能、安全、可靠运行，需要有一大批具有专门知识的专业人才。
       在编写过程中作者注意深入浅出，前后呼应；结合实际情况，外为中用。叙述文字简单明确；图文配合诠释概念和原理；图形表达侧重突出重点；例题与水力计算方法匹配。扩展和延伸了供暖系统的形式与内容。
      由于编者水平有限，难免存在疏漏与不妥之处，敬请广大读者批评指正。

City is the most important place for human beings to create civilization and gather wealth, and is a symbol of social progress and development. Urban road is not only one of the places where residents live, work and cultural entertainment, but also the main carrier of communication with the outside world. With the development of urbanization in China, the construction of new urbanization requires the construction of municipal road engineering in advance to meet the travel needs of the growing urban population. In order to cooperate with the construction of road engineering, it has become an important task to improve the theory and operation skills of employees in road detection institutions.
    With the deepening of China’s capital construction system reform and the needs of the development of socialist market economy, it is an important measure to implement the supervision system in the construction of engineering construction projects. At present, China’s construction supervision is developing healthily and rapidly. It plays an important role in improving project quality, speeding up project progress and controlling project investment.
    In the construction of urban road engineering, quality is the key of engineering construction. Any problem in any link and part will bring serious consequences to the overall quality of the project, directly affect the service life and benefit of the road, and even cause huge economic losses. Project quality control is the primary task in the process of road construction, and quality supervision is the focus of supervision work in road
engineering construction.
    Due to the limited level of editors, omissions and errors are inevitable. Readers are requested to make criticism and correction.
 

前 言

城市是人类创造文明和聚集财富最主要的地方，是社会进步和发展的象征。城市道路是居民生活、 工作及文化娱乐活动的场所之一， 又是与外界交流的主要载体。我国都市化发展，新型城镇化建设，都要求市政道路工程建设先行，以满足日益增长的城市人口出行需要。为了配合道路工程建设，提高道路检测机构从业人员理论和操作技能已成为现今社会的重要任务。
       随着我国基本建设体制改革的不断深化和社会主义市场经济发展的需要，在工程建设项目建设中推行监理制度，是一项重大举措。目前我国的建设监理事业正健康、迅速地发展，它在提高工程质量、加快工程进度和控制工程投资等方面发挥着重要作用。
      在城市道路工程建设中，质量是工程建设的关键，任何一个环节和部位出现问题，都会给工程整体质量带来严重的后果，直接影响道路的使用期限和效益，甚至造成巨大的经济损失。工程质量控制是道路建设过程中首要任务，质量监理是道路工程施工中监理工作的重点。
      由于编者水平有限，疏漏及错误之处难免，恳请读者批评指正。

Enterprise safety culture is the fundamental factor to realize enterprise safety production. The basic purpose of building enterprise safety culture is to improve people’s safety quality. The most fundamental embodiment of people’s safety quality is people’s safety consciousness: “consciousness determines behavior, behavior performance quality, quality determines destiny”. Therefore, through the construction of enterprise safety culture, to improve the safety quality of all employees is a strategic move for enterprise safety development, is a fundamental policy to ensure safety production, and a long-term plan to prevent safety accidents.
    Positive and effective safety culture is the cornerstone for enterprises to realize intrinsic safety. In order to successfully carry out the construction of enterprise safety culture, it is necessary to change the traditional enterprise safety concept and treat the safety management problems with a new perspective and thinking mode. Enterprises should regard the construction of safety culture as a successful ladder to ensure safe production, safeguard the safety and health of employees, and realize safe production and sustainable development, rather than face work that has to be carried out due to the provisions of national laws and regulations and the wide range of requirements of government regulatory departments at all levels. For those excellent enterprises led by visionary entrepreneurs, safety production and safety development have become the key success factors for enterprises to unite people’s hearts and develop and grow. The construction of safety culture not only does not hinder the realization of the enterprise’s operation benefit goal, but also is an important way for the enterprise to realize the sustainable development goal, and it is also an important magic weapon for the enterprise to increase the cohesion within the enterprise, increase the external influence and comprehensively enhance the competitiveness.

前 言

企业安全文化是实现企业安全生产的根本性因素。建设企业安全文化的最基本目的就是提高人的安全素质。人的安全素质最根本的体现就是人的安全意识：“意识决定行为，行为表现素质，素质决定命运”。因此，通过建设企业安全文化，提高企业全员安全素质，是企业安全发展的战略之举，是保障安全生产的治本之策，是防范安全事故的长效之计。
      积极有效的安全文化是企业实现本质安全的基石。要顺利进行企业安全文化建设， 就必须转变传统的企业安全观念， 用新的视角和思维方式来看待安全管理问题。企业应该将安全文化建设看做是企业保障安全生产、维护职工安全与健康、实现安全生产和可持续发展的成功阶梯，而并非是由于国家法律法规的规定以及各级政府监管部门的要求才不得不进行的面子工作。对那些具有远见卓识的企业家所引领的优秀企业来说，安全生产和安全发展已经成为企业凝聚人心、发展壮大的关键成功要素。安全文化建设不仅不妨碍企业的经营效益目标的实现，而且是企业实现可持续发展目标的重要途径，又是企业内增凝聚力、外增影响力、全面提升竞争力的重要法宝。