With the increasing development of social economy and the continuous improvement of people’s material and cultural living standards, people have higher and higher requirements for the comfort of daily life, production activities and outdoor environments. Promoting the harmonious development of man and nature, and building a harmonious society that integrates man and nature has become the common goal and development trend of people. This trend has also promoted the vigorous development of garden engineering construction. Garden construction is a branch of civil construction. Modern gardens are rich in garden plants and complete facilities, which play a huge role in beautifying the city, improving people’s living environment, and providing people with healthy rest and entertainment places. Therefore, the construction of garden engineering has attracted more and more attention, and the demand of garden Engineering construction is also increasing.
       The role and status of landscape in modern urban construction are gradually highlighted. The functions of urban landscape in ecological environment construction, urban culture construction, urban landscape construction and public leisure and entertainment places are unmatched by other urban buildings. In recent years, China has gradually strengthened the research of landscape architecture engineering, and has made a number of achievements. Compared with ordinary building engineering, landscape engineering covers civil engineering, hard landscape, green landscape and many other aspects, and the construction process is complex. The research and improvement of its construction planning and construction details is an important work to improve the construction quality of landscape engineering in China.

前 言

随着社会经济的日益发展，人们物质生活和文化生活水平的不断提高，人们对日常生活、生产等活动场所和室外环境的舒适度要求也越来越高。促进人与自然和谐发展，建立人与自然相融合的和谐社会已成为人们的共同目标和发展趋势，这一趋势也促进了园林工程建设事业的蓬勃发展。园林建设属于土建建设的一个分支，现代园林以其丰富的园林植物和完备的设施对美化城市、改善人们生活环境发挥着巨大的作用，为人们提供了健康的休息娱乐场所，因此园林工程建设受到越来越多人的关注，园林工程建设的需求也在不断增加。
        园林景观在现代城市建设中的作用以及地位逐渐凸显，城市园林其生态环境建设、城市文化建设、城市风貌建设以及公共休闲娱乐场所的功能，是其他城市建筑无法比拟的。近年来我国逐渐加强对了园林建筑工程的研究，并取得了多项成果。园林工程相比普通建筑工程，工程内容涵盖土建、硬质景观、绿植景观等许多方面，施工工艺复杂，对其施工规划以及施工细节的研究与完善，是提高我国园林工程施工质量重要工作。

In recent years, with the deterioration of urban ecological environment and the improvement of people’s understanding of the ecological function of urban green space and the role of improving the environment, the construction of landscaping is also booming. It has become the consensus and the requirement of the times to increase the investment in the construction of urban landscaping, give full play to the ecological benefits of green space, improve the urban appearance and urban environment, further improve the urban taste and investment environment, and create a harmonious living environment between man and nature.
     Urban landscape construction is not only the infrastructure of the city, but also the core content of urban ecological construction. It is an important way and means to beautify the city, improve the environment, protect the quality of living environment and realize the sustainable development of the city. High level and high quality landscape engineering is not only the need of improving ecological environment and promoting sustainable development of city, but also the foundation of people's pursuit of good and beautiful living environment. And the construction and maintenance of landscape engineering is the basic premise and important guarantee to give full play to the multiple benefits of green space and realize the function and purpose of urban greening construction.
     The construction and maintenance of landscaping engineering is a comprehensive and applied discipline of forestry, ecology, engineering, biology, architecture, art, psychology, sociology, etc. In order to meet the urgent needs of the current ecological environment construction and landscaping engineering construction and maintenance of professional and technical personnel and related professional higher education, but also to improve the technical level and management ability of landscaping construction and maintenance practitioners, to adapt to the development of landscaping.

前 言

近年来，随着城市生态环境的日益恶化、人们对城市绿地生态功能以及对改善环境作用认识的提高， 园林绿化建设也随之蓬勃兴起。 增加城市园林绿化建设投入，充分发挥绿地的生态效益，改善城市面貌和城市环境，进一步提高城市品位和投资环境，创建人与自然和谐共生的人居环境，已成为人们的共识和时代要求。
       城市园林绿化建设不仅作为城市的基础设施，而且是城市生态建设的核心内容，是美化城市、改善环境、保护人居环境质量、实现城市可持续发展的重要途径和手段。高水平、高质量的园林绿化工程，既是改善生态环境和促进城市可持续发展的需要，又是人们追求良好、优美的生活环境的基础。而园林绿化工程施工与养护是发挥绿地多种效益、实现城市绿化建设作用和目的的基础前提和重要保证。
       园林绿化工程施工与养护是集团林学、生态学、工程学、生物学、建筑学、艺术学、心理学、社会学等各门类知识和技术于一体的综合性、应用性学科。为了满足当前生态环境建设和园林绿化工程施工与养护等专业技术人员及相关专业高等教育的迫切需要， 同时也为提高园林绿化施工与养护从业人员的技术水平和管理能力，适应园林绿化事业的发展。

Acupuncture and moxibustion is an ancient and magical science and an important part of traditional Chinese medicine. Guided by the basic theory of traditional Chinese medicine, it uses acupuncture and moxibustion to prevent and treat diseases, mainly including meridians, acupoints, acupuncture and moxibustion methods and clinical application. For thousands of years, acupuncture and moxibustion has been widely used in the treatment of hundreds of diseases, such as internal medicine, EXTRADERMAL orthopedics, obstetrics and Gynecology, pediatrics, and ENT.
      Acupuncture is an important part of traditional Chinese medicine. After thousands of years of clinical practice, acupuncture has formed a set of theoretical system to guide the treatment of acupuncturists. Acupuncture negative with small trauma, simple operation, significant curative effect and welcomed by the majority of patients. China is the birthplace of acupuncture medicine. The Chinese nation has made the greatest contribution to the origin, development and clinical application of acupuncture medicine.

前 言

针灸学是一门古老而神奇的科学，是祖国医学的重要组成部分。它以中医基础理论为指导，运用针刺和艾灸防治疾病，主要内容包括经络、腧穴、刺灸方法及临床应用等。几千年来，针灸治疗病种不断扩大，对内科、皮外骨伤科、妇产科、儿科、五官科等科数百种病症均有较好效果，深受广大人民群众的欢迎。
        针灸疗法是传统中医的重要组成部分。经过几千年的临床实践，针灸学已经形成了一整套的理论体系，在临床上指导针灸科医生的治疗。针负以创伤小、操作简单、疗效显著而深受广大患者的欢迎。中国是针灸医学的发祥地，中华民族对针灸医学的起源、发展和临床应用都做出了最伟大的贡献。

With the development of economy, the transportation industry has gradually entered the period of comprehensive transportation system. As a branch of economics, transportation economics has been valued by economists since the first industrial revolution, and has developed rapidly. So far, it has formed a relatively perfect research theory and system of transportation economics. Transportation economics is a science which studies and discusses the law of transportation economy, which is mainly based on the application of economic principles and methods in the field of transportation. It can enable students to establish economic views and economic awareness, and thus have the ability to carry out economic argumentation, pre-test, analysis and evaluation and decision-making on the transportation problems. On the basis of collecting the advantages of many experts, according to their own research for many years, combined with the characteristics of transportation industry, using the basic principles and methods of microeconomics, macroeconomics and network economics, the editor supplements and summarizes the latest research results of transportation economics. This book covers both qualitative and quantitative aspects, with comprehensive content and strong practicability. It provides the basis for transportation planning and management, logistics management, transportation engineering, industrial economy (transportation economy) and other professional transportation economics and transportation economic theories.
       In order to get out of the predicament of transportation economics, we must change the old framework of department economics, which takes the centralized planning system as the main structure, takes a certain mode of transportation as the research object, and takes specific business knowledge as the basic content, and is rigidly bound to expound the economic laws revealed by political economy. At the same time, we should avoid the simple overlapping with transportation planning, transportation organization, transportation engineering and other disciplines. This book tries to promote the gradual shift of transportation economics from the teaching of empirical knowledge to the systematic theoretical analysis, from the description of specific work to the advanced research of transportation policy, from the discussion of problems in parts to the formation of a complete thought and logic system of transportation economy.

前 言

随着经济的发展，交通运输业已经逐步进入了综合交通运输体系的时期。交通运输经济学作为经济学的一个分支， 自第一次工业革命后开始受到经济学家的重视，并且得到迅速发展，至今已形成了较为完善的运输经济学研究理论和体系。交通运输经济学是以经济学原理和方法在交通运输领域的应用为主要内容，研究和探讨运输经济规律的科学，能使学生树立经济观点、建立经济意识，从而具备对交通运输问题进行经济论证、预测、分析评价和决策的能力。编者在集众家之所长的基础上，根据自己多年的研究，结合交通运输业的特点，运用微观经济学、宏观经济学和网络经济学等的基本原理和方法，对交通运榆经济学领城的最新的研究成果进行了补充和总结。本书涵盖了定性和定量两个方面，内容全面，实用性强，是为交通运输规划与管理、物流管理、 交通工程、产业经济(运输经济)等专业运输经济学和运输经济理论提供依据。
         为了使运输经济学走出困境，必须改变以集中计划体制为主体结构、以某种运输方式为研究对象、以具体业务知识为基本内容的拘泥于阐述政治经济学所揭示的经济规律的部门经济学的旧框架。同时要避免与交通规划学、运输组织学运输工程学等学科的简单重叠。本书力图推动运输经济学逐渐从以经验知识的传授为主转向以系统化的理论分析为主，从对具体工作的描述转向超前的运输政策研究，从只对问题进行分割或片断的讨论转向形成完整的运输经济思想和逻辑体系。

In order to expand the space for students to learn Chinese and improve the teaching effectiveness of each Chinese class, we need to highlight the “comprehensive” and “practical” characteristics of the subject, and actively practice the “double combination” teaching method of reading and writing, which combines teaching reading (intensive reading) with self reading (extensive reading) and reading practice with pragmatic practice; we should guide students to learn self-education, self growth and self- development, so as to promote every student's all-round development and high-quality development; it is necessary to establish the awareness of the whole book reading course, take the whole book reading based on extensive reading as an extremely important teaching content into the Chinese curriculum plan, and include it in the curriculum schedule, so as to form a new teaching material system and reading teaching normality of “text selection” and “whole book”.
        In order to fundamentally improve students’ Chinese practical ability, cooperative inquiry ability, and innovative ability to solve practical problems, and cultivate students’ comprehensive quality, we need to pay attention to the basic Chinese course and the whole book reading course, at the same time, fully carry out the practice activities of Chinese subject, and the comprehensive practice activities of pragmatics and multi-disciplinary radiation; we should creatively shoulder the core mission of Chinese education, such as language understanding and application, thinking development and promotion, aesthetic appreciation and creation, cultural understanding and inheritance, so that students can not only have golden and vigorous time, but also have brilliant life; from the beginning of the third period of primary school, it is a very important way to guide students to develop the habit of writing and make it a part of composition teaching and even Chinese curriculum.

前 言

语文教育要拓展学生学习语文的空间，最大幅度地提升每堂语文课的教学实效，就需要突出学科的“综合性”与“实践性”特点，积极践行教读（精读）与自读（泛读）结合、阅读实践与语用实践结合的“读写‘双结合’教学”方式；要在培育学生语文核心素养的同时，指引学生学会自我教育、自我成长、自我发展，促进每一名学生全面发展和优质发展，就需确立整本书阅读课程意识，把建立于广泛阅读基础上的整本书阅读，作为一项极其重要的教学内容纳入语文课程计划，并列入课表，形成“选文”与“整本书”并行的新的教材体系与阅读教学常态。
         语文教育要从根本上提高学生的语文实践能力、合作探究能力，以及解决实际问题的创新能力，培育学生的综合素养，就需要在关注语文基础课程、整本书阅读课程的同时，全力开展好语文学科实践活动，及其以语用为主、辐射多学科的综合实践活动；要创造性地担负起语言理解与运用、思维发展与提升、审美鉴赏与创造、文化理解与传承等语文教育的核心使命，让学生不仅有金色的蓬蓬勃勃的韶光，而且有辉煌的风风光光的人生，从小学第三学段初始，就引领学生养成写作的习惯，并使它成为习作教学乃至语文课程的组成部分，便是一条极具重要意义的途径。