Railway is the integration of high and new technology and the symbol of human civilization and railway modernization. Since the 16th National People’s Congress (NPC) of the People’s Republic of China, with the attention of the Party and the State Council and the approval of “The Medium and Long Term Railway Network Plan” by the State Council in January 2004 as the symbol, China has set off a new round of large-scale and high standard railway construction climax. The scale of high-speed railway construction is unprecedented not only in China, but also in the world. During the 13th Five Year Plan period, China plans to start construction of 10000 km of high-speed railway, builds and puts into operation 11000 km, and increases the business mileage of high-speed railway to 30000 km. The great achievements in the development of high-speed railway in China play a decisive role in accelerating the realization of railway modernization, and make the position and role of railway in the “four comprehensive” strategic layout increasingly prominent. The arrival of “high-speed rail era” has brought many profound changes to the economy, society and people’s life, “high-speed rail economy” and “high-speed rail travel” are leading the trend of the times. In just 10 years, China has successfully changed from the world’s high-speed railway chaser to the leader, which has greatly improved the national image and national self-confidence, and made the high-speed railway a bright“national card”.
        Project quality is the life of high-speed railway construction, and project quality management is the core of high-speed railway construction project management. In recent years, the most concern at home and abroad is how to firmly adhere to the quality policy of “innovation leading, bravely striving for the first class” under the situation of tight time, heavy task and high tension of construction resources, effectively ensure the construction quality of large-scale, high-standard high-speed railway, and successfully achieve the grand goal of “building the world-class high-speed railway”. Up to now, we can basically answer this major issue, that is, we have successfully walked out of a road to ensure the quality of high-speed railway construction projects by relying on the standardized management of construction projects, and one of the most important innovative achievements is to create and promote a high-speed railway construction project quality management system characterized by integration and standardization.

前 言

铁路是当今高新技术的集成， 是人类文明和铁路现代化的标志。 党的十六大以来，在党中央国务院的重视下，以 2004 年 1 月国务院批准《中长期铁路网规划》为标志，我国掀起了新一轮大规模、高标准铁路建设高潮， 高速铁路建设规模之大，不但在我国前所未有，而且在世界上亦无先例。“十三五”时期我国计划开工建设高速铁路 1万千米，建成投产 1.1 万千米，高速铁路营业里程增长到 3 万千米。我国高速铁路发展的巨大成就，对于加快实现铁路现代化起着决定性作用，使得铁路在“四个全面”战略布局中的地位和作用日益突显。 “高铁时代”的到来给经济社会和人民生活带来很多深刻的变化，“高铁经济”和“高铁出行”正在引领时代风潮，仅仅用了 10 年时间，我国成功地从世界高速铁路的追赶者转变为引领者，这一历史性跨越大大地提升了国家形象和民族自信，也让高速铁路成为亮丽的“国家名片”。
       工程质量是高速铁路建设的生命，工程质量管理是高速铁路建设项目管理的核心。这些年来，国内外最为关注的就是我国铁路建设者如何在时间紧、任务重、建设资源高度紧张的形势下，牢固坚持“创新引领、勇争一流”的质量方针，有效确保大规模、高标准高速铁路建设工程质量，成功实现“建设世界一流高速铁路”的宏伟目标。时至今日，我们基本上可以对这一重大课题作出回答，那就是我们成功地走出了一条依靠开展建设项目标准化管理来保证高速铁路建设工程质量的道路，其中最重要的创新成果之一就是创建和推行以一体化、标准化为突出特征的高速铁路建设项目工程质量管理体系。

China is a developing country with more people and less land. According to the assessment, the reasonable number of China’s cultivated land bearing population is 800 million, and the maximum theoretical bearing capacity is only 1.5 billion. By the end of 1998, China’s population had reached 1.248 trillion, and it would reach 1.5 billion in 2020. The highest peak would reach 1.6 billion. Land remediation is the consolidation of unreasonably used land, the restoration of disaster-damaged agricultural land, the abandoned land of industrial and mining enterprises and temporary transportation land, and the development of reserve land resources, which is aimed at improving the utilization rate of the land and ensuring the sustainable use of land resources. At present, the situation of cultivated land protection in China is becoming increasingly prominent. The state has accordingly proposed to strictly adhere to the red line of 1.8 billion mu of cultivated land, raising the status of cultivated land protection to the height of national strategic security. In addition, the state has also continuously put forward major measures for the construction of a new socialist countryside and the coordinated development of urban and rural areas. Objectively speaking, the status of land remediation is also continuously improved. Therefore, recent land remediation activities not only require land expansion and grain increase, but also meet the new requirements of opportunities and challenges faced by land remediation. High-standard basic farmland construction, construction land remediation, land development and reclamation, and urban and rural construction land increase and decrease should be included in the scope of land remediation activities. Therefore, the content of land remediation will continue to expand, and the scope, field, and coverage will also increase, which will put forward higher requirements for the implementation and management of land remediation planning. At the same time, the improvement of the importance of land remediation planning will also bring very favorable conditions for the implementation and management of land remediation planning. This book systematically introduces land remediation and urban-rural planning to provide theoretical guidance materials for future work.

前 言

我国是一个人多地少的发展中国家。据评估，我国耕地承载人口的合理数量为8 亿，最大理论承载量也只有 15 亿，而 1998 年末我国人口已达 12.481 亿， 2020 年将达到 15 亿，最高峰将达到 16 亿。土地整治是以提高土地利用率、保障土地资源可持续利用为目的，对未合理利用土地的整理，对灾毁农地、工矿企业废弃地和临时交通用地的修复，以及开发后备土地资源等活动。目前，我国的耕地保护形势日趋突出， 国家相应提出了要严格坚守 18 亿亩耕地红线， 把耕地保护的地位提升到了国家战略安全的高度。另外，国家也不断提出社会主义新农村建设和城乡统筹发展的重大举措，从客观上来说，土地整治的地位也在不断提升。所以近期的土地整治活动不仅要求扩地增粮，还要满足土地整治面临的机遇与挑战的新要求，要把高标准基本农田建设、建设用地整治、土地开发复垦、城乡建设用地增减挂钩等内容纳入到土地整治活动的范围。因此，土地整治活动的内容将会不断扩充，涉及的范围、领域、覆盖面也会不断增大，这对土地整治规划实施管理将会提出更高的要求。同时， 土地整治规划重要性的提升也会为土地整治规划实施管理带来十分有利的条件。本书系统介绍了土地整治与城乡规划，为今后的工作提供理论指导材料。

Civil engineering is a general term of science and technology for the construction of various engineering facilities. It refers to the applied materials, equipment and technical activities such as survey, design, construction, maintenance and repair, as well as the objects of engineering construction, that is, various engineering facilities that built on the ground or underground, on land or in water, directly or indirectly for human life , production, military, scientific research services, such as houses, roads, railways, transportation pipelines, tunnels, bridges, canals, dams, ports, power stations, airports, offshore platforms, water supply and drainage, and protection projects. Reasonable design is not only related to the level of construction, but also inseparable from the development of the country’s basic industries and the safety of people’s lives and property. At the same time, in actual civil engineering construction, superb design can often optimize the construction steps and even shorten the construction period. Based on the analysis of the characteristics of civil engineering construction technology, this book explains the operation of traditional civil engineering construction technology, points out the key points of the application of new technologies in civil engineering construction, makes a technical analysis and summary of civil engineering construction technology, and makes a prospects on the development of civil engineering construction technology.
       Civil engineering construction technology is constantly exploring, innovating and developing; it has been used in engineering construction and achieved good economic and social benefits. We must always maintain the vitality of innovation, develop and apply new technologies, and continuously improve the construction technology of civil engineering.

前 言

土木工程是建造各类工程设施的科学技术的统称。它既指所应用的材料、设备和所进行的勘测、设计、施工、保养维修等技术活动，也指工程建设的对象，即建造在地上或地下、陆上或水中，直接或间接为人类生活、生产、军事、科研服务的各种工程设施，例如房屋、道路、铁路、运输管道、隧道、桥梁、运河、堤坝、港口、电站、飞机场、海洋平台、给水和排水以及防护工程等。合理的设计，不但关系到建筑的水平，还与国家基础事业的发展和人民生命财产安全密不可分。同时，在实际的土木工程施工中，高超的设计常常可以优化施工步骤乃至缩短工期。本书在分析土木工程施工技术的特点基础上，对传统土木工程施工技术的运行进行了阐述，指出了土木工程施工新型技术运用的要点，对土木工程施工技术进行了技术上
的分析和总结，做出了土木工程施工技术发展上的展望。
      土木工程施工技术在不断的实践探索中也在不断地创新发展，并在工程建设中得到了运用，取得了良好的经济社会效益。我们要始终保持创新活力，开发和应用新技术，不断提高土木工程施工技术。

BIM (Building Information Modeling) technology is a kind of digital tool applied in building planning, design, construction, operation and management in the field of civil engineering. BIM can integrate all kinds of information in the whole life cycle of buildings, share and transmit information, provide collaborative work for all parties in the whole process of construction and operation, provide technical support for industrial chain connection and industrial construction, and create conditions for improving quality, efficiency, energy conservation and environmental protection of construction industry.
      The emergence of BIM has led to a new revolution in the construction industry. It breaks through the bottleneck of traditional design methods, adopts three-dimensional parametric design concept, defines three-dimensional model with a new method, and greatly improves the efficiency of the whole process of construction project from initial design, construction to later operation management. The value of BIM technology has been recognized by the owner, designer, constructor, etc. It can be predicted that BIM technology will make great progress in the future construction industry and lead the construction industry to a new height.
     Although BIM technology plays a revolutionary role in the construction industry, it is a new thing after all. Relevant technicians, such as design, construction and operation and maintenance personnel, do not have a comprehensive understanding of BIM technology. Civil engineering students in colleges and universities know little about BIM technology, which is far from the technical requirements and development trend of the whole industry. In order to integrate with industry development and market demand faster and better, it is necessary to make a thorough and detailed review of BIM technology research and application in civil engineering. Therefore, in the process of writing this book, starting from the origin and development of BIM, it analyzes the bottleneck problems in BIM promotion process, and looks forward to the development trend of BIM, in order to show the latest trend and achievements of civil engineering development, and contribute to the development of civil engineering, software engineering, information engineering and other disciplines.
      Due to the limited level of editors and the rush of time, there are inevitably some shortcomings in the book. The author sincerely hopes that teachers, students and readers will put forward valuable opinions and give criticism and correction, with a view to further revision and improvement.

前 言

BIM（建筑信息模型）技术是一种在土木工程领域中应用于建筑物规划、设计、施工、运营以及管理等方面的数字化工具。 BIM 能整合建筑物全生命周期内的各种信息并进行信息的共享和传递， 为项目全过程各方建设及运营主体提供协同工作，为产业链贯通和工业化建造提供技术保障，为建筑业的提质增效、节能环保创造条件。
        建筑信息模型（Building Information Modeling， BIM）的出现，引发了建筑行业一场新革命，它突破了传统设计方法的瓶颈，采用三维参数化的设计理念，以一种全新的方法定义三维模型，使得建筑项目从初期设计、施工到后期运营管理的全过程效率都得到了大幅提升， BIM 技术的价值得到了业主方、设计方、施工方等的认可。可以预见 BIM 技术在未来建筑行业将取得长足发展，并引领建筑行业达到一个新的高度。
        虽然 BIM 技术对于建筑行业有着革命性的作用，但它毕竟是新生事物，设计、施工和运维等相关技术人员对它的认知还不够全面，高校土木类学生对这一技术也所知甚少，这一现状与整个行业的技术要求和发展趋势相距甚远，为了更快更好地与行业发展和市场需求相融合， 必要对 BIM 在土木工程中的技术研究与应用情况做深入细致的梳理。因此，本书在撰写过程中，从 BIM 的起源与发展出发，解析了BIM 推广过程中的瓶颈问题，并对 BIM 的发展趋势进行了展望，以期展现土木工程发展的最新态势和成就，为土木工程、软件工程和信息工程等学科的发展贡献绵薄之力。
       限于编者水平有限和时间仓促，书中难免存在不足之处，诚挚地希望广大师生与读者提出宝贵意见，给予批评指正，以期进一步修订完善。

Surgery is a science to study the occurrence, development, clinical manifestation, diagnosis, prevention and treatment of surgical diseases. It is a professional department with surgical resection and repair as the main treatment means. Surgical diseases are divided into five categories: trauma, infection, tumor, deformity and dysfunction. These diseases often need to be treated by surgery or manual treatment as the main means. Therefore, surgery has become a unique surgical treatment. People also often regard the need for surgical treatment as the standard to distinguish internal medicine from surgical diseases. But the surgical science is not equal to surgery, surgery is only one of the treatment methods of surgical diseases.
     There are many kinds of surgery, especially the corresponding nursing techniques and methods. But the surgery that people usually understand is the visible wound. The surgical nursing technology that we are familiar with is the disinfection, bandaging and dressing change of the wound. In fact, the surgical nursing process is also related to the internal trauma of the patient or the surgical nursing of the invisible wound. In addition, the treatment of the patient is based on the premise of nursing treatment. Before the treatment, the nursing personnel need to carry out relevant nursing preparation, and after the treatment, they need to carry out daily rehabilitation care and observation. Therefore, from the medical point of view, nursing is closely related to treatment, and neither side can exist independently. It can be said that the work of surgical nursing plays an important role in the process of surgical treatment, so the development and innovation of its technology, whether for medical staff or patients, is very important.
     Combined with the author’s working experience, this book introduces the nursing standards of surgical system diseases in detail, and provides theoretical guidance for the majority of medical nursing workers.

前 言

外科是研究外科疾病的发生，发展规律及其临床表现，诊断，预防和治疗的科学，是以手术切除、修补为主要治病手段的专业科室。外科疾病分为五大类：创伤，感染，肿瘤，畸形和功能障碍。这些疾病往往需要以手术或手法处理作为主要手段来治疗。因此，手术就成为外科所特有的一种治疗方法。人们也往往把是否需要手术治疗作为区别内科还是外科疾病的标准。但外科学并不等于手术学，手术只是外科疾病治疗方法中的一种。
       外科其实分类很多，相应的护理技术和方法也尤为繁多，但是人们通常理解的外科多为可见的伤痕或者伤口， 大家所熟悉的外科护理技术就是伤口的消毒、 包扎、换药等，其实不然，外科的护理过程中也关乎到患者身体内部的创伤或者不可见伤口的外科护理，加上对病患的治疗是建立在护理处理的前提下的，在治疗前需要护理人员进行相关的护理准备， 在治疗后需要对其进行日常的康复护理和观察， 所以，从医学的角度来讲，护理是和治疗息息相关的，任何一方都不能脱离而独立存在。可以说，外科护理的工作在外科治疗的过程中有着举足轻重的作用，所以对其技术的发展与创新就，不论是对医护人员还是对患者，都是非常重要的。
      本书结合作者工作经验， 详细介绍了外科系统疾病的护理规范,为广大医务护理工作者提供外科护理理论指导。