In the development process of social economy and science and technology, the quality requirements of power engineering are increasingly strict. In order to meet this demand, China is also constantly transforming power engineering, improving the technical level of power engineering and the construction of power engineering projects. Only by improving the technical level and construction level of electric power engineering, and strengthening the construction and management of electric power safety, can we improve our competitiveness in the electric power engineering market. In addition, the Party and the government attach great importance to the safety work of electric power engineering and carry out a series of measures to bring the safety management of engineering construction into the track of legal construction. The electric power industry has established the safety supervision system of electric power engineering and safety production supervision system, and carried out special rectification in key areas and links prone to accidents.
    This book is mainly divided into ten chapters to elaborate power engineering and power safety, hoping to contribute to the development and progress of China’s power engineering.

前 言

在社会经济和科学技术的发展过程中，对电力工程的质量要求也日趋严格，为了满足这种需要，我国也在不断改造电力工程，提高电力工程技术水平和电力工程项目的建设，只有在提高电力工程的技术水平和建设水平的同时，加强电力安全建设和管理，才能在电力工程市场提升自身的竞争力。除此之外，党和政府非常重视电力工程的安全工作，并推行一系列举措，将工程建设的安全管理纳入法制化建设的轨道。电力行业建立了电力工程安全监察体系和安全生产监管体系，针对易发事故的重点领域和环节开展专项整治。
  本书主要分十章内容对电力工程及电力安全进行详细的阐述，希望有助于我国电力工程事业的发展与进步。 

Geotechnical engineering is an important part of civil engineering and water conservancy engineering. It is an applied discipline which is based on the theory of geomechanics, rock mechanics and engineering geology, and uses various exploration and testing technologies to comprehensively renovate and utilize the rock and soil mass. It includes geotechnical engineering investigation, design, test, construction and monitoring, involving the whole process of civil engineering. Geotechnical engineering is a highly practical, imperfect and immature technology subject, which has great difficulty and potential. In practical projects, geotechnical problems are often main factors that affect the project investment and limit the construction period. If not handled properly, sometimes it will bring disastrous consequences. So far, the basic solution of geotechnical engineering problems is based on the engineering test, guided by the theory, conducted by the means of construction monitoring and adopts the method of constantly feedback and revising the design of construction scheme.
    Due to the wide range of geotechnical engineering, its personality under different conditions is also very obvious. Although the countermeasures and methods to deal with new problems of geotechnical engineering change with each passing day and emerge in endlessly, its exploitable potential is still great. Due to its limited space, this book must focus on “highlighting the theme, setting up the structure, focusing on the thinking, studying the law, pointing out the direction, and promoting the deepening”. It does not seek for the whole, but for the precise method, focusing on the thinking method, theoretical basis, basic principles and typical analysis of understanding, analyzing and solving problems. It does not want to replace and cannot replace the important role of a large number of existing materials and documents, but only wants to provide necessary help for better utilization and understanding of the existing large amount of materials and creation of new materials; it does not want to copy the related mathematical mechanics derivation, data charts and construction machines and methods in the existing materials and documents, but tries to make them get their own place, complement each other and cooperate with each other. As for references, in addition to selecting some representative works in various fields, this book mainly includes some new references that the editor has contacted and quoted. A large number of other existing documents can be obtained from relevant works. In addition, the establishment of the book system and the analysis, classification or evaluation of some problems naturally reflect the author’s own understanding, experience and views. It can only be regarded as a kind of opinion in “hundred schools of thought contend”, so as to create a loose atmosphere and environment for academic criticism and in-depth discussion.
    Due to the limited level of the author, there are inevitably mistakes and improprieties in the book. Readers are welcome to criticize and correct them.

前 言

岩土工程是土木、水利工程中的一个重要组成部分，是一门以土力学岩体力学及工程地质为理论基础，运用各种勘探测试技术对岩土体进行综合整治改造和利用而进行系统性工作的应用学科，它包括岩土工程勘察、设计、试验、施工和监测，涉及土建工程的全过程。岩土工程是一门实践性很强、至今尚属不够完善、不够成熟技术学科，其难度大，潜力也很大。在实际工程中，岩土问题往往是影响工程投资和制约工期的主要因素，如果处理不当，有时会带来灾难性的后果。到目前为止，解决岩土工程问题还是基本遵循以工程试验为基础，以理论为指导，以施工监控为手段，不断反馈和修正设计施工方案的方法。
     由于岩土工程的涉及面十分广阔，它不同条件下的个性也十分明显。虽然处理岩土工程新问题的对策和方法日新月异，层出不穷，但它的可开发潜力仍然很大。本书因篇幅有限，必须在“突出主题，搭好结构，着重思路，研究规律，指明方向，推动深化”上下工夫，不求全求多，但求精求法，注重于认识问题、分析问题和解决问题的思维方法、理论依据、基本原则与典型剖析。它不想替代、也无法替代已有大量资料文献的重要作用，只想尽量为更好地利用与理解现有大量资料和创造新的资料提供必要的帮助； 它也不想大篇地抄录已有资料文献中有关的数学力学推导、数据图表和施工的机具与方法步骤，而是努力使它们各得其所，互相补充，彼此配合。关于参考文献，本书除选择各领域内一些具有代表性的著作外，主要包括编者接触到和引用到的一些新文献。 其他大量已有的文献可以从各有关著作得到。此外，本书体系的建立和对一些问题的分析、 分类或评价， 自然反映了编著者自己的认识、体会与观点。它只可视为“百家争鸣”中的一种见解，以便为学术批评与深入探讨创造一种宽松的气氛与环境。

   由于作者水平有限，书中难免有错误和不当之处，敬请读者批评指正。

There are all kinds of problems in modern cities, such as the change of population, the expansion of regions, the increase of cars, and the traffic problems such as traffic jams, environmental degradation, public traffic congestion and recession. Urban traffic problem is a vexing problem for cities all over the world. How to solve it fundamentally has been the research focus of experts and scholars for many years. Urban society has four elements:
residence, work, recreation and transportation. With the development of the city, the expansion of the scale of the city and the specialization of the living, working and recreational areas in the city, the traffic demand of the city is constantly expanding. Urban structure determines the occurrence of traffic demand, and the form of land use determines the intensity of traffic. The relationship between the supply of urban traffic infrastructure and traffic demand should be balanced. When the supply cannot meet the demand, the traffic problem will appear.
   The characteristics of urban road traffic in China are mixed, low-speed and high-density, one of which is traffic congestion; the characteristics of urban public traffic are traffic congestion and low service level. At present, the problem of urban road traffic congestion not only spreads rapidly in big cities such as Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou and Shenzhen, but also develops to small and medium-sized cities. The source of urban traffic problems lies in the deficiency of “pre planning”, such as the lack of scientific urban planning and urban traffic planning, the lack of accurate grasp of urban traffic development strategy, the lack of strategic thinking, the lack of systematic methods, the lack of strict compliance and implementation of planning.
We hope that the publication of this book can play a positive role in promoting the teaching and discipline development of urban planning higher education, bringing rich and valuable materials to teachers and students of urban planning and architecture, and also bringing beneficial help to urban planners and practitioners of related majors.
   Due to the limitation of the editor’s ability and level, there are inevitably deficiencies or mistakes in the book. We sincerely hope readers to criticize and correct it.

前 言

现代城市中普遍存在着各种各样的问题，诸如人口的变动、区域的扩大、汽车的增加，以及由此带来的交通堵塞、环境恶化、公共交通方式的拥挤以及衰退等交通问题。城市交通问题是世界各国城市共存的一个令人烦恼的问题，如何从根本上解决，多年来一直是专家学者们的研究重点。城市社会具有居住、工作、游憩和交通四个要素，随着城市的发展，城市规模的扩大，城市中居住、工作、游憩区域的特定化，使城市的交通需求不断扩大。城市结构决定了交通需求的发生，土地利用的形态决定了交通发生的强度。城市交通基础设施的供给与交通需求应该保持平衡的关系，当供给无法满足需求时，交通问题就显现出来了。
  我国城市道路交通的特点是混合、低速、高密度，特征之一是交通拥堵；城市公共交通的特点是车内拥挤、服务水平低。目前，城市道路交通拥堵问题不仅在以北京、上海、广州和深圳等为代表的大城市快速蔓延，而且发展到了中小城市。城市交通问题产生的源头在于“预”的不足，缺乏科学的城市规划和城市交通规划，缺乏对城市交通发展战略的准确把握，缺乏战略性思维，缺乏系统性方法，缺乏对规划的严格遵守和实施。
  希望这本书的出版能够为城市规划高等教育的教学及学科发展起到积极地推进作用，为城市规划专业及建筑学专业的师生带来丰富的有价值的资料，同时还能为城市规划师及其相关专业的从业者带来有益的帮助。
  由于编者能力和水平所限，书中难免存在不足或错误，恳请读者批评指正。

With the development of social economy, the progress of science and technology and the increasing demand of people’s material and cultural life, the engineering construction is becoming more and more diversified and complicated, which brings many new challenges to the structural engineering, and also puts forward higher, newer and wider requirements.
    This book consists of seven chapters. The first chapter is the introduction, which gives a brief overview and explanation of the theory of urban construction and urbanization, the development of civil engineering and technological innovation in recent years, as well as the situation of structural innovation and the sustainable development of civil engineering. Then it is divided into two parts: urban construction and structural engineering. Urban construction focuses on the explanation of urban construction foundation and innovation concept, while structural engineering excludes structural engineering. In addition to the basic theory, it focuses on the research and discussion of concrete structure, steel structure, masonry structure and other specific construction technology. In this way, we hope to stimulate the innovation enthusiasm of the workers of urban construction and structural engineering. Besides, the structural engineering technology can continuously improve the ability of structural innovation in the development, and can better serve the green, environmental protection, healthy and civilized urban construction.

前 言

随着我国社会经济的发展与科学技术的进步，以及人民物质文化生活需求的不断提高，工程建设日趋多样化、复杂化，这给结构工程带来了很多新的挑战，也提出了更高、更新、更广的要求。
  本书共七章，第一章绪论部分对城市建设与城市化理论、近年来土木工程发展与技术创新， 以及结构创新与土木工程的可持续发展情况， 进行了简要概述与说明；后分城市建设与结构工程两大部分， 城市建设重点阐释了城市建设基础与创新理念，结构工程则除结构工程基础理论外、侧重于对混凝土结构、钢结构、砌体结构等不同结构工程的具体施工工艺与技术的研究探讨。以期激发广大城建与结构工程的工作者的创新热情，使结构工程技术在发展中不断提升结构创新的能力，以便更好地服务于绿色环保健康文明的城市建设。

Urban rail transit is an important part of public transport system in urban infrastructure. From the perspective of the practice of urbanization process in various countries, rail transit has become the main urban transport tool in developed countries and regions by virtue of its technical advantages of large volume, fast speed, safety, reliability, punctuality and comfort, which is popular with citizens. In our country, Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Chongqing, Shenzhen and other cities also have a considerable scale of rail transit lines. Rail transit has gradually become the preferred means of transportation for residents to travel, and has become the main means for the government to implement the “public transport priority” policy. Vigorously developing urban rail transit has become the general consensus of the government and the public.
    The construction and operation of urban rail transit can promote the development of industry, transportation, real estate and other related industries, stimulate employment, promote the appreciation of land along the way, expand the urban development space, and have obvious external economy. Moreover, with the social development, population growth, road network expansion and service level improvement, urban rail transit will attract more passenger flow and its affiliated operation assets have great potential for appreciation. At the same time, the urban rail transit network has the attribute of scale economic circle, and the radiation influence scope covers most areas and surrounding areas in the network. When urban rail transit forms network operation, as a comprehensive network platform, other kinds of networks (such as transportation network, service network, business network, etc.) can be included in it. The strong aggregation and release effect of rail transit network makes the resources and services such as passenger flow, logistics, capital flow and information flow in the network circulate rapidly in all regions of the city and even among cities, changes the consumption, life and production mode of the society, and has a profound impact on the economic operation of the city.
   Because of its social and economic attributes, urban rail transit has become the focus of urban transport development strategy, and also regarded as the backbone of urban transport system. Therefore, the Chinese government proposes the policy of “scientifically formulating the technical route of urban rail transit, standardizing the construction standards, orderly promoting the construction of urban rail transit networks such as light rail, subway and tram”, and lists urban rail transit equipment as a strategic emerging industry innovation and development project. In the development process of urban rail transit, many innovative technologies and advanced construction and management methods have emerged, which effectively solve the practical problems in urban rail transit planning, construction, operation and management, and also promote the establishment of China’s urban rail transit policies, regulations and standards system.
   Because the new technology of urban rail transit involves many contents, the length and content of teaching materials are limited, the compilation time is relatively short and the level of compilers is limited, there are inevitably some defects in the organization of the content structure of the book and the selection of literature materials. Peers, experts and readers at home and abroad are welcome to criticize and correct it.

前 言

城市轨道交通是城市基础设施中公共交通系统的重要组成部分。从各国城市化进程的实践来看，轨道交通凭借运量大、速度快、安全可靠、准点舒适等技术优势，在发达国家和地区成为主要的城市交通工具，备受市民欢迎。我国北京、上海、广州、重庆、深圳等城市也拥有相当规模的轨道交通线路，轨道交通现已逐步成为居民出行的首选交通工具，也成为政府推行“公交优先”政策的主要手段，大力发展城市轨道交通已成为政府和民众的普遍共识。
  城市轨道交通的建设及运营能促进工业、运输、房地产等相关产业的发展，刺激就业，促进沿途土地升值，拓展城市发展空间，具有明显的外部经济性，而且随着社会发展、人口增加、路网扩大以及服务水平的提高，城市轨道交通将吸引更多的客流，其附属的经营性资产具有巨大的升值潜力。同时，城市轨道交通网络具有规模经济圈的属性，辐射影响范围覆盖网内大部分区域和周边区域。当城市轨道交通形成网络化运营后，作为综合性的网络平台可将其他各种网络（如交通运输网、服务网、商贸网等）都载于其间。轨道交通网络强大的聚集和释放效应使网内的客流、物流、资金流、信息流等资源和服务在城市各区域乃至城市间快速流通，改变社会的消费、生活和生产方式，对城市经济运行产生深远影响。
  城市轨道交通由于自身所具备的社会属性和经济属性，使之成为城市交通发展战略的重点，同时也被视为城市交通体系的骨干力量。因此，我国政府提出“科学制定城市轨道交通技术路线，规范建设标准，有序推进轻轨、地铁、有轨电车等城市轨道交通网络建设”的政策，并将城市轨道交通装备列为战略性新兴产业创新发展工程。在城市轨道交通的发展过程中，涌现了很多创新技术及先进施工、管理方法，有效地解决了城市轨道交通规划建设、运营和管理中的实际问题，也促进了我国城市轨道交通政策、法规和标准体系的建立。
  由于城市轨道交通新技术涉及内容较多，而教材篇幅内容有限，加之编写时间比较紧，且编写人员水平有限，在全书内容结构的组织及文献材料的取舍方面，难免有不妥之处，敬请国内外同行、专家及各位读者批评指正。