Water resources are indispensable and valuable resources for human survival and development. With the rapid development of the national economy and the improvement of living standards, the demand for water resources is growing, and the contradiction between supply and demand is increasingly prominent. Groundwater is an important part of water resources and the material basis for human survival. The quality of groundwater is related to the development of national economy and health. However, in recent years, due to the impact of human activities, especially urban sewage and garbage, as well as emissions of waste gas, waste water, waste residue and the use of a large number of pesticides and fertilizers, groundwater pollution has become increasingly prominent, which seriously restricts the sustainable development of the national economy, threatens the health of human beings, and brings great pressure on the environment. Therefore, effective and reasonable measures must be taken to use advanced technological means to effectively repair the water ecology and alleviate environmental pressures to protect the beautiful ecological environment.

This book briefly discusses the hydrogeology, the water cycle of nature, the classification of groundwater and the occurrence, the basic law of groundwater movement, the chemical composition of groundwater and its formation, groundwater recharge, discharge and runoff, groundwater dynamic and equilibrium, the system of groundwater, groundwater of different pore formation, special type of groundwater, analysis and evaluation of groundwater resources and development management, the function of ecosystem and the degradation of ecosystem, ecosystem degradation degree judgment, ecological protection, ecological restoration and river ecological restoration, the restoration of aquatic ecosystems, etc.

前言

水资源是人类生存和发展不可缺少的宝贵资源。随着国民经济建设的迅速发展和人民生活水平的提高，对水资源的需求不断增长，供需矛盾日益突出。地下水是水资源的重要组成部分，是人类赖以生存的物质基础。地下水的好坏关系到国民经济的发展和人们的身体健康，然而近年来由于人类活动的影响，特别是城市生活污水、垃圾以及工业“三废”的排放，农业生产大量使用农药化肥等，导致地下水污染问题日益突出，严重制约着国民经济的可持续发展，威胁着人类的生命健康，同时也给环境带来了很大的压力。因此，必须采取有效合理的措施，运用先进的技术手段，对水生态进行有效的修复，缓解环境压力，让人们能够拥有美好的生态环境。

本书经通过水文地质概述、自然界的水循环，地下水的分类与赋存，地下水运动的基本规律，地下水的化学成分及其形成，地下水的补给、排泄与径流，地下水的动态与均衡，地下水系统，不同孔隙岩层中的地下水，特殊类型地下水，地下水资源分析评价与开发管理，生态系统的功能及退化的生态系统，生态系统退化程度的判断，生态保护，生态修复，流域生态修复，水生生态系统的修复等方面进行了简要的论述。

In recent years, with the continuous improvement of China's economy and the expansion of the construction scale of water conservancy projects, higher requirements have been put forward for the construction and project management of water conservancy engineering enterprises in the aspect of sustainable development of science and environment protection.

The book includes three main sections, and is divided into ten chapters. The first chapter outlines the overview and development trend of water conservancy projects and the innovation of water conservancy construction technology and management. Then the water conservancy construction is divided into three chapters: basic engineering, earthwork and dam construction technology of small and medium-sized reservoirs. Finally, the project management of water conservancy construction was elaborated from six chapters: water conservancy project management, tendering and bidding management, project quality management, safety management, water conservancy construction environmental protection and civilized construction, and water conservancy project archive management. It includes the theory and technology of water project construction and project management as much as possible, which will contribute to the modernization and sustainable development of water resources in China. 

前言

近年来，随着我国经济水平不断提升，水利工程施工建设规模不断扩大，在科学环保可持续发展方面，对水利工程企业施工与项目管理提出了更高的要求。本书共分十章三大部分，第一章概述了水利工程概述与发展趋势以及水利施工技术与管理创新，接下来水利施工部分分为基础工程、土石方工程以及中小型水库大坝施工技术三章阐述，最后，水利施工项目管理部分包括水利工程项目管理、招标投标管理、工程质量管理、安全管理、水利工程建设环境保护与文明施工以及水利工程档案管理六章阐述，尽可能地囊括了水利工程施工与项目管理的理论与技术，为我国水利事业的现代化与可持续发展添砖加瓦。

With the development of China's social economy, the construction industry continues to develop, which effectively enhances the competitive demand in the construction industry market. To gain greater development space, construction companies need to strengthen management to ensure the construction quality of construction projects and expand the construction market share.

The quality of construction engineering is related to the healthy development of the national economy and the safety of people's lives and property. In recent years, with the development of project quality supervision and management, China has established a construction project quality supervision and management system with the main content of implementing quality responsibility of all parties. According to the requirements of the “Management Measures for Quality Inspection of Construction Projects”, the inspection work has been separated from the relevant units. The construction engineering quality inspection agency has become a social intermediary service organization with independent legal persons. This becomes the sixth party responsible for engineering quality responsibility. The accuracy and reliability of the test data directly affects the quality control and acceptance of construction projects, and is related to the quality and safety of construction projects. However, due to the current non-standard testing market, the integrity system is not perfect, the testing institutions are uneven, the detection accuracy is not high, some of the testing data is fraudulent, and the construction engineering quality supervision personnel are difficult to distinguish, leaving hidden dangers to the engineering quality. In recent years, there have been a number of building collapse accidents in China, causing loss of life and property. Strong measures must be taken to strengthen supervision and ensure project quality and safety. The implementation of construction project quality supervision and testing is an important administrative means to improve the national supervision efficiency of construction project quality and standardize market behavior.

This book divides into 12 chapters to carry on the comprehensive detailed analysis and the elaboration to the construction and the quality supervision inspection. It hopes to help the work of the relevant staff.

前言

随着我国社会经济的发展，建筑行业不断发展，有效增强建筑行业市场的竞争需求，建筑公司要是想获得更大的发展空间，就需要加强管理层的管理工作，确保建筑工程的施工质量，促使建筑市场份额的扩大，提高市场的占有率。

建筑工程质量关系到国民经济的健康发展和人民群众的生命财产安全。近年来，随着工程质量监督管理工作的发展，我国已建立了以落实各方责任主体质量责任为主要内容的建设工程质量监督管理体系。按照《建设工程质量检测管理办法》的要求，检测工作已从相关单位分离，建设工程质量检测机构已成为具有独立法人的社会中介服务机构，成为工程质量责任的第六方责任主体。检测数据的准确、可靠，直接影响到建筑工程的质量控制和验收，关系到建筑工程的质量安全。但是，由于当前检测市场的不规范，诚信体系不健全，检测机构良莠不齐，检测准确性不高，部分检测数据弄虚作假，建筑工程质量监督人员难以判别，给工程质量留下隐患。近段时期，国内发生了多起房屋建筑工程倒塌的事故，造成人员生命和财产损失，给我们敲响了警钟，必须采取强有力的措施加强监管，确保工程质量安全。实施建筑工程质量监督检测，是提高国家对建筑工程质量监管效能，规范市场行为的重要行政手段。

本书分十二章内容对建筑施工与质量监督检测进行全面详细的分析与阐述，希望能够有助于相关工作人员的工作进行与开展。

In recent years, data statistics show that in 20 industries of the national economy, construction industry has always ranked the top, accounting for 5.4% of China's GDP. And historical data shows that the added value of the construction industry has grown from 13.82 billion yuan in 1978 to 1013.4 billion yuan in 2005, with an average annual growth rate of 17%. It has become an important pillar industry in the national economy. In addition to short-term fluctuations in the early 1990s, the added value of construction industry has maintained a share of 5% to 6% in GDP, and the status of the pillar industry is very stable. In addition, the construction industry also creates about 30 billion U.S. dollars in foreign exchange earnings for the country every year, which is an important force for China's foreign trade and economic cooperation. As a pillar industry, the construction industry not only has strengthened its position in the process of industrialization and urbanization in China, but also has become the key to social and economic stability because of its huge absorption of rural surplus labor force. However, behind the rapid growth, due to the unscientific decision-making of engineering projects, unreasonable engineering design and inability to keep up with engineering management, the investment scale of many projects is out of control and the construction quality is unstable, resulting in huge waste of investment. In construction projects, there are widespread "uncompleted projects" and "projects with three exceeding problems", which seriously affect the implementation of national plans and financial budgets, and interfere with the normal economic order in the field of engineering construction. The above facts indicate that there are problems in the construction management of existing building projects in China, especially the cost management mode that plays an important role in project management has been difficult to meet the needs of project cost management at this stage. In a sense, the shortcoming in theory and method of project cost management is a source of many project management problems. There is an urgent need to establish a scientific and standardized management system and operation mechanism of engineering construction industry, and a scientific and standardized project cost management system and operation mechanism in China. This book thoroughly analyzes the construction technology in each process and stage, comprehensively interprets the progress, quality, safety, cost control and management of the construction industry, and discusses the cost budget of the construction combined with the project cost, and provides a theoretical basis for the technical support and management practice of the construction industry. 

前言

近几年，数据统计显示，在国民经济 20 个行业中，建筑业始终名列前茅，占我国国内生产总值的 5.4%。从历史数据看，建筑业增加值从 1978 年的138.2 亿元发展到 2005 年 10134 亿元，年均增长 17%，业已成为国民经济中重要的支柱产业。除了 90 年代初有短期的波动外，建筑施工业增加值在国内生产总值中一直保持着 5% ～ 6% 左右的份额，支柱产业的地位十分稳固。此外，施工业还每年为国家创造 300 亿美元左右的外汇收入，是我国对外贸易和经济合作的一支重要力量。作为支柱产业的建筑施工业，在我国工业化和城市化进程中，不仅地位不断增强，更因其对农村剩余劳动力巨大的吸纳作用，使其已成为社会经济稳定的关键。但在高速增长的背后，由于工程项目决策不科学，工程设计不合理，工程管理跟不上，而导致诸多工程的投资规模失控、施工质量不稳定，造成了投资的巨大浪费。在建设项目中普遍存在着“烂尾工程”和“三超工程”，严重影响国家计划、财政预算的执行，干扰工程建设领域的正常经济秩序。上述事实说明，我国现有建筑工程施工管理中存在问题，尤其是在工程管理中起重要作用的造价管理模式已经难以满足现阶段工程造价管理的需要了。从某种意义上讲，目前工程造价管理理论和方法上的缺陷是导致工程管理问题层出不穷的根源。现实迫切需要建立起我国科学规范的工程建筑业管理体制和运行机制，科学规范的工程造价管理体制和运行机制。本书深入剖析建筑工程各工艺、各阶段施工技术，全面解读建筑施工业进度、质量、安全、成本控制与管理，并结合工程造价对建筑施工的成本预算问题进行探讨，为建筑施工行业技术支持与管理实践提供可参考的理论依据。

With the rapid development of social economy and the acceleration of urbanization in cities, the functions of buildings gradually increase, and China's construction industry also enters a prosperous period. As a result, the construction technology and methods needed have been greatly improved. Enterprises should constantly research new construction methods, introduce and use advanced construction theories and technologies at home and abroad, and establish a construction system suitable for modern urban buildings to further promote the development of the construction industry. The book is divided into eight chapters, namely, construction, building engineering materials, construction engineering cost, architectural design, construction earthwork construction, construction foundation engineering construction, reinforced concrete main structure construction and masonry construction. This book is intended to provide a practical textbook and reference book for the majority of construction practitioners. As this book covers many subjects, involves a complex system of knowledge, and has many writers, the format, depth and breadth of each chapter may not be consistent, and errors are inevitable. Readers are welcome to criticize and correct.

前言

随着现今社会经济的飞速发展，城市化进城的加快，建筑的功能逐渐增加，我国建筑业也随之进入繁荣时期。因而需要的建筑施工技术和方法也比以前有大幅度的提升，需要施工企业不断研究新的建筑施工方法，不断引进和使用国内外的先进施工理论和技术，建立适合于现代城市建筑的施工系统，进一步推动建筑行业的发展。本书共分八个章节，分别是建筑、建筑工程材料、建筑工程造价、建筑设计、建筑土方工程施工、建筑基础工程施工、钢筋混凝土主体结构工程施工以及砌体工程施工。我们编写这本《建筑工程与施工技术》主要的意图是为广大建筑从业者提供一本切合实用的教材与参考书。由于本书包罗内容较广，涉及知识较繁琐，编写人员较多，各章节内容的格式、深度和广度可能并不一致，且谬误无可避免，警请读者批评指。