Building electricity is a science which takes the building as the object, uses the modern advanced electrical and control science theory to study how to use electrical energy, electrical equipment and electrical technology to create, maintain and improve the electrical, light, heat, sound and other environment of the building interior space. With the rapid development of modern building technology and the emergence of intelligent buildings, the scope of building electricity has developed from the original single power supply and distribution, lighting, lightning protection and grounding to a new discipline based on modern physics, electromagnetism, mechanical electronics, optics, acoustics and other theories, which is applied in the field of building engineering. The building electricity is also gradually applying more new mathematical and physical knowledge. Combined with electronic technology, computer technology and network communication technology, it is developing to the direction of comprehensive application. As a comprehensive technical science, there are more and more professional books on building electricity, but few books systematically introducing building electricity to non electrical professionals and engineering technicians who have just set foot in the building electrical industry. At the same time, the editor thinks that all kinds of technical personnels should have a systematical understanding and study of building electrical technology. Therefore, there should be corresponding reference books.

  The application of modern science and technology can not only make the power supply and distribution system and lighting system of buildings realize automatic management, but also realize reasonable control and best management of air conditioning system, water supply and drainage system, fire automatic alarm and fire linkage control system, safety prevention system, communication and closed circuit television system, building automatic control system and building energy comprehensive management system. Therefore, modern building electricity has already become a major symbol of modern architecture.

前 言

建筑电气是以建筑物为对象，利用现代先进的电气与控制科学理论，研究以电能、电气设备和电气技术为手段来创造.维持与改善建筑室内空间电、光、热、声等环境的一门科学。随着现代建筑技术的迅速发展和智能建筑的出现，建筑电气所涉及的范围已由原来单一的供配电、照明、防雷和接地发展成为以近代物理学、电磁学、机械电子学、光学、声学等理论为基础，应用于建筑工程领域的一门新兴学科，而且在逐步应用新的数学和物理知识，并结合电子技术、计算机技术、网络通信技术等向综合应用的方向发展。作为一门综合性的技术科学，建筑电气中一些专业内容的书籍日渐增多，但比较系统地为非电专业和刚涉足建筑电气行业的工程技术人员介绍建筑电气的书籍却很少。同时编者认为建筑中各类技术人员都应对建筑电气技术有比较系统的认识和学习，应该有相对应的参考书。
       现代科学技术的应用不仅可使建筑物的供配电系统、照明系统实现自动化管理，而且对建筑物的空调系统、给排水系统、火灾自动报警与消防联动控制系统、安全防范系统、通信及闭路电视系统、楼宇自控系统、建筑物能源综合管理系统等实现合理控制和最佳管理。因此现代建筑电气已成为现代化建筑的一个主要标志。

With the progress and development of society, people pay more and more attention to health, environmental protection and safety, and testing is to test whether it meets the requirements of relevant laws and regulations, and whether it meets the requirements of health, environmental protection and safety through the technical verification of various products or environmental elements in the corresponding fields. The quality of building materials directly affects the safety of people’s life and property. On the one hand, it urges the government to strengthen efforts to promote the upgrading of various testing standards, and also makes the number of compulsory certification test items increase; on the other hand, production enterprises and construction enterprises should pay more attention to enhance their competitiveness through testing and certification. Building materials testing and certification industry mainly serves building materials production enterprises and engineering construction units. It is a talent and technology intensive industry, and has a high demand for high-end compound technical talents. Whether it is the renewal of testing items or the use of testing equipment, it needs high-quality technical personnel as support. The on-the-job training and continuing education for the testing personnel is an important means to improve their testing skills and operation level, and to avoid errors and omissions in the detection process.

  In the book, the performance of different civil engineering raw materials and the testing contents of raw materials are comprehensively and concisely expounded. Meanwhile, the main contents and quality control points of the latest national industry standards and specifications are interpreted in detail.

前 言

随着社会的进步和发展，人们对健康、环保和安全的重视程度不断加强，而检测正是通过对相应领域中的各种产品或环境要素进行技术验证，检验其是否满足相关法律、法规的要求，是否符合健康、环保和安全的要求。建筑材料质量的合格与否，直接影响人们生命和财产安全，这一方面促使政府加大力度推进各项检测标准的升级，也使得各种强制性认证检测项目不断增加；另一方面，促使生产企业和建设企业更加注重通过检测认证提升自身的竞争力。建材检测认证行业主要服务于建筑材料生产企业和工程建设单位，属于人才、技术密集型产业，对高端复合型技术人才需求较高。不论是检测项目的更新，还是检测设备的运用，都需要高素质技术人才作为支撑。对检测人员进行在岗培训和继续教育，是提升其检测技能和操作水
平，避免检测过程中出现差错和疏漏的重要手段。
       书中针对不同土建原材料性能、原材料检测内容进行了全面简洁地阐明，同时详细的解读了最新国家行业标准、规范的主要内容和质量控制要点。

Medical laboratory technology is to examine the patient’s blood, body fluids, secretions, excreta and sloughs through visual observation, physical, chemical, instrumental or molecular biological methods. It emphasizes the implementation of strict quality management measures during the whole inspection process (before analysis, during analysis, and after analysis), to ensure the quality of the inspection; thereby provide valuable laboratory data for patients. The clinician performs a systematic and thorough physical examination based on the test results or data, combined with the detailed and complete medical history collected, using the data from the above experiments, and then using other auxiliary examinations selected under different causes (such as X-ray, electrocardiogram, ultrasound, isotope, Endoscopy, etc.), scientific thinking and logical analysis to provide objective basis for preventive health care, disease diagnosis, treatment, scientific research accumulation, etc. This is diagnostics. The purpose of diagnosis is achieved through experimental methods, which is called experimental diagnosis. In recent years, with the development of basic medicine, clinical medicine, and bioengineering, medical testing has realized the four modernizations, namely, Total Laboratory Automation (TLA), diversification of reagents, standardization of inspection methods, and rapid bedside inspection, in order to push the development of medical laboratory towards the direction of high theory, high technology and high level. Therefore, at present, the world combines inspection and diagnosis together to form “Laboratory Medicine”.
  Laboratory medicine is an applied discipline that based on multiple disciplines such as biology, biochemistry, pathology, microbiology, immunology, and molecular biology and serves for clinical disciplines. Many laboratory medicine organizations in Europe, the United States, and Japan have established many institutes of clinical chemistry and clinical microbiology in the name of Clinical Pathology. In addition to the participation of technical personnel, there are also a certain number of chemistry, toxicology, microbiology and clinicians participating in laboratory technology, quality management, development of new projects, and scientific research. With the rapid development of science and technology (such as informatics and microcomputer technology), the relationships among disciplines have become increasingly close, and disciplines correlate with each other, resulting in many new disciplines, such as immunohematology and immunochemistry. We have reasons to believe that laboratory medicine will enter a new period of rapid development in the future.

前 言

医学检验（临床检验）（Clinical Laboratory Technology）是将病人的血液、体液、分泌物、排泄物和脱落物等标本，通过目视观察、物理、化学、仪器或分子生物学方法检测，并强调对检验全过程（分析前、分析中、分析后）采取严密质量管理措施以确保检验质量；从而为临床、为病人提供有价值的实验资料。临床医师根据检验结果或数据，结合他所采集的详细完整病史，进行系统周密的体格检查，运用上述实验的资料，再利用在不同病因下选择的其他辅助检查（如 X 线、心电图、超声波、同位素、内窥镜等）所提供的结果，进行科学思维及逻辑性分析，为预防保健、疾病诊断、治疗、科研积累等提供客观依据，这就是诊断学。通过实验方法达到诊断目的，即称实验诊断。近年来，随着基础医学、临床医学、生物工程学等发展， 医学检验实现了四化， 即全实验室自动化（Total Laboratory Automation， TLA） 、试剂多样化、检查方法标准化、床边检查快速化，促使医学检验朝着高理论、高科技、 高水平方向发展。 因此， 目前全球将检验与诊断结合， 形成“检验医学”（LaboratoryMedicine）。
      检验医学是一门以生物学、生物化学、病理学、微生物学、免疫学与分子生物学等多专业为基础，面向临床各科的多学科结合的应用学科。欧、美、日不少检验医学组织以临床病理（Clinical Pathology）命名，成立临床化学、临床微生物学研究所。除技术人员参加外，还有一定数量的化学、毒理、微生物及临床医师共同参与检验技术、质量管理、开发新项目、科研等工作。随着科学技术（如信息学、微机技术）的迅猛发展，各学科间关系日趋紧密，学科之间相互交叉渗透，产生不少新的学科，如免疫血液学、免疫化学等。我们有理由深信，检验医学在今后必将进入快速发展的新时期。

With the rapid development of computer network technology, it has become an important factor to promote social development and improve the quality of network development. From the current development of computer network technology, computer network technology is developing towards intelligent and efficient direction. Based on the advantages of computer network technology, the application of computer network technology is gradually expanding; at present, computer network technology has been applied in many fields. In order to ensure the positive application effect of computer network technology, we should study its application as well as its characteristics and
analyze its specific application.
  At present, computer network technology has made important applications in various fields of society, and has increasingly become an important driving force for social development. Based on the advantages of computer network technology, it is necessary for us to deeply explore the application of computer network technology. From the current development of computer network technology, the development of computer network technology starts from the filed of practical application. It has obvious application characteristics and its premise is always to meet the needs of practical application. Therefore, in order to obtain the application of computer network technology, it is necessary to combine with the application field of computer network technology to analyze the advantages of computer network technology and ensure the technology can be fully applied.

前 言

随着计算机网络技术的快速发展，计算机网络技术已经成为了促进社会发展，提高网络发展质量的重要因素。从目前计算机网络技术的发展来看，计算机网络技术正朝着智能化、高效化方向发展。基于计算机网络技术的诸多优点，计算机网络技术的应用领域正在逐步扩大，目前计算机网络技术已经在多个领域取得了重要应用。为了保证计算机网络技术取得积极的应用效果，因此我们应对计算机网络技术应用进行深入研究，研究计算机网络技术的特点，并对计算机网络技术的具体应用进行分析。
      目前来看，计算机网络技术已经在社会的各个领域取得了重要应用，并日益成为社会发展的重要推动力量。基于计算机网络技术的优点，我们有必要对计算机网络技术的应用进行深入探讨。从当前计算机网络技术的发展来看，计算机网络技术的发展都是从实际应用的领域出发的，带有明显的应用特征并且都是以满足实际应用需要为前提。因此，要想取得计算机网络技术的应用，就要结合计算机网络技术的应用领域，重点分析计算机网络技术的优点，保证计算机网络技术能够得到全面应用。

With the rapid development of the globalization of information, people’s life and work have been becoming more and more intelligent. Computer science and technology plays an important role in the production and life of modern society; it also connects inseparably with the study and life of the public. Computer application technology has the characteristics of wide, professional and open, and now has become an important tool for information collection, processing, integration and application. With the rapid growth of information age, computer science and technology plays a more important and accurate role, pointing out the direction of the development of society. The application of computer science and technology is now the focus in various industries. In this context, the good application effect of computer science and technology will be more prominent.
  The information age as a concept has several different interpretations. From one perspective, the development and application of computer technology is the starting point of the information age and the development process of computer science and technology is exactly the process of the development of the information age. The relationship between them is mutual and closely connected. The information age offers a friendly environment for the development of computer science and technology, which makes the important position of computer science technology in the modern society be reflected. The proposing of the big data, cloud computing and other computer technology makes all walks of life be more aware of the importance of information technology and computer science and technology. But at the same time, computer science and technology is also facing severe challenges, which puts forward more strict requirements for the function of computer technology. If computer technology cannot be continuously innovated, it cannot meet the development needs of the times. Therefore, we should increase the frequency of the update of computer science and technology and keep innovating to satisfy the development needs of the information age. The author writes this book from the angle of computer science and technology and application experiment hoping to provide help for the readers.

前 言

随着信息全球化的快速发展，人们的生活和工作越来越智能化。其中，计算机科学技术在现代社会的生产和生活中占有非常重要的地位，公众的学习和生活与计算机科学技术密不可分。计算机科学技术在现代社会的生产和生活中占有非常重要的地位，公众的学习和生活与计算机科学技术密不可分。计算机应用技术具有广泛性、专业性、开放性的特点，已成为信息采集、处理、集成和应用的重要工具。随着信息时代的快速发展，计算机科学技术发挥着更加重要和准确的作用，为社会的发展指明了前进方向，计算机科学技术的应用是各行业关注的热点，在此背景下计算机科学技术良好的应用效果将更加凸显。
       信息时代作为一个概念具有多种解释，从一种角度来看，计算机技术的发展和应用是信息时代的起点，而计算机科学技术的发展过程恰恰也是信息时代发展的过程，两者之间的关系是相互的、密切联系的。信息时代为计算机科学技术的发展提供了良好的环境，使得计算机科学技术在现代社会的重要地位得以体现。大数据、云计算等的提出使得各行各业更加认识到信息技术和计算机科学技术的重要性。但与此同时，计算机科学技术也面临着严峻的挑战，对计算机技术的功能提出了更加严格的要求，若不能不断创新，计算机技术则无法满足时代的发展需要。因此，要加大计算机科学技术的更新换代频率，不断创新，满足信息时代的发展要求。编者从计算机科学技术与应用试验角度出发，编写本书，希望能为广大读者提供帮助。