The World Health Organization (WHO) interprets the new concept of health for the world, and has established a standard for measuring the quality of life and human health, and oral health is listed here. Oral health is one of the important signs of human modern civilization. In the society with reform and opening up policy, communications and contacts among people have become more frequent. As a part of people’s appearance, teeth have their own unique charm. White teeth, fresh breath and brilliant smiles have objectively become one of the important factors affecting people’s choices of careers, spouse and job.
  Modern medical research has proved that oral diseases may cause chronic enteritis, intestinal tuberculosis and other gastrointestinal and digestive diseases, as well as many systemic diseases such as diabetes, canker, headache, sepsis, arthritis, rheumatic heart disease, myocarditis, endocarditis, bronchitis, pharyngitis, tonsillitis, pneumonia, chronic nephritis, Alzheimer's disease and cancer.
  It should be especially reminded that the oral disease status of white-collar workers aged 26 to 35 is significantly higher than that of white-collar workers in other age groups. Besides, oral cancer, the deadly killer of oral diseases, is also showing a younger trend year by year. Oral diseases can cause toothache, decreased chewing function, poor development, affect facial appearance, and affect people's social communication and psychological behavior. And what's worse, the germs of oral diseases can also cause systemic diseases and become the chief offender for many system diseases, seriously affecting the quality of human life.
  Life needs conservation. Since oral health is related to the quality of life, the conservation of life must start with oral health. In this sense, it can be said that investing in oral health is to appreciate and respect life.

前 言

世界卫生组织（WHO）为全球诠释了健康新概念，并树立了衡量生命质量及人体健康的标准，口腔健康被列入其中。口腔健康，是人类现代文明的重要标志之一。在改革开放的社会里，人们之间的交流和接触更趋频繁，作为人的外表形象的一部分，牙齿有着其独特的魅力，洁白的牙齿、清新的口气和灿烂的笑容，客观上已成为人们职业选择、配偶选择和工作选择的重要影响因素之一。
       现代医学研究证明， 口腔疾病可引起慢性肠炎、 肠结核炎等胃肠消化系统疾病，以及糖尿病、溃疡病、头痛、败血症、关节炎、风湿性心脏病、心肌炎、心内膜炎、支气管炎、咽喉炎、扁桃体炎、肺炎、慢性肾炎、老年痴呆症和癌症等全身疾病。尤须提醒的是，年龄在 26~35 岁的白领口腔疾病状况，明显高于其他年龄段的白领群体。不仅如此，口腔疾病中的致命杀手口腔癌，也逐年呈年轻化趋势。口腔疾病
不仅引起牙疼、咀嚼功能下降、发育不良、影响面部美观、对人的社会交流和心理行为产生影响，更可怕的是，口腔疾病的病菌还会引发全身性系统疾病，成为许多系统疾病的罪魁祸首，严重影响人的生命质量。
       生命需要养护，因为口腔健康关乎生命质量，所以，养护生命必须从口腔保健做起。从这个意义上可以说，重视口腔健康的投资，就是对生命的敬畏与尊重。

Project quality management is the planning, organization, command, coordination and control activities to ensure the quality of the project meets the requirements. In order to strengthen the quality management of construction projects, ensure the quality of construction projects and protect the safety of people’s lives and properties, the State
Council issued The Regulations on The Quality Management of Construction Projects on January 30, 2000 according to The Construction Law of the People’s Republic of China. This is the main administrative regulation for the construction project quality supervision and management, such as new construction, expansion and reconstruction.
  Construction facilities need to strengthen the quality control from the design stage, and the quality control measures in the design stage are generally issued by the enterprise managers on the overall intention and direction of quality. The construction of a stable and scientific quality policy, as the program of quality management activities, is generally reflected in the form of documents, Quality planning is committed to setting quality objectives and specifying necessary operation process and related resources to achieve quality objectives. Based on the quality policy, it determines the quality objective and takes a series of measures to achieve the objective, including identifying and determining the necessary operation process and allocating the required resources, so as to ensure the expected quality objective.
  In addition, the specific construction process should strengthen the quality assurance measures. Construction is a process of transforming the scheme into reality. Strengthening the quality and safety management in the construction process will help the enterprise to successfully complete the task, enhance the enterprise’s economic and competitive ability, and promote the healthy development of society.

前 言

工程质量管理是为确保项目的质量满足要求而进行的计划、组织、指挥、协调和控制等活动。为了加强对建设工程质量的管理，保证建设工程质量，保护人民生命和财产安全，根据《中华人民共和国建筑法》，国务院于 2000 年 1 月 30 日发布了《建设工程质量管理条例》，这是建设工程的新建、扩建、改建等有关活动及实施对建设工程质量监督管理的主要行政法规。
      建筑设施从设计阶段便需要开始加强对质量控制，设计阶段质量控制措施一般由企业管理者正式发布的关于质量方面的全部意图和方向。构建具有一定的稳定性和科学性质量方针，作为组织质量管理活动的纲领，质量方针一般以文件的形式加以体现；质量策划致力于制定质量目标并规定必要的运行过程和相关资源，以实现质量目标。它建立在质量方针的基础上，确定质量目标，并为实现该目标采取一系列措施，统筹安排，包括识别和确定必要的作业过程，配置所需的资源，从而确保达到预期的质量目标。
      此外，具体施工过程更应加强质量保障措施，施工是将方案转化为实际的一个过程，加强施工过程中的质量与安全管理有助于企业顺利完成任务，提升企业经济和竞争能力，并促进社会健康发展。

Nowadays, with the continuous development of social economy, the number of construction projects is rising rapidly and the speed of urbanization is accelerating. As a construction project, building construction is different from other projects. It has a strong complexity and comprehensiveness. Because of these unique attributes, the construction process of construction engineering is bound to encounter many risks. The cost of the project occupies a fundamental position in the construction process of the project. Therefore, the construction unit must effectively manage the risk of project cost.
  In construction enterprises, there are various methods of the audit of project cost budget and the audit methods adopted by the audit units of different enterprises are not the same. However, the key points of the audit of construction project cost budget focus on arranging the preliminary work of project budget audit, auditing in strict accordance with the supervision provisions of construction project budget audit, rational use of computer technology and so on.
  There is a great connection between the orderly development of construction projects and the cost risk, which directly affect the efficiency and decision-making of the projects. At present, our country is in a new period of national development; the construction investment is continuously rising. In order to obtain sufficient benefits and
ensure the smooth progress of the project, the project construction risk must be fully considered. Therefore, project cost risk management must be actively carried out. In China, the theoretical research on the project cost risk is relatively backward, so the relevant staff must focus on its in-depth research to promote the further development of risk management.

前 言

现阶段，社会经济的不断发展，城市化建设速度加快，建筑工程数量急剧上涨。作为施工项目，建筑工程不同于其他项目，它具有极强的复杂性与综合性，因为这些独特的属性，建筑工程的建设过程必然会对遭遇诸多风险。而工程造价在工程建设过程中占据基础性地位，因此建筑单位必须切实工程造价风险管理。
      建筑企业中，工程造价预算的审核办法各型各样，且各个企业的审核单位之间所采用的审核方法也不尽相同。然而，建筑工程造价预算的审核工作要点集中在安排工程预算审核的前期工作、严格按照建筑工程预算审核监督规定进行审核、合理运用计算机技术等方面。
       建筑工程的有序开展同造价风险之前存在很大的联系，工程造价风险对项目的效益和决策等问题产生最为直接的影响。国家当前正处在全国发展的新时期，建筑投入不断上涨，要想获得足够的效益，保障项目的顺利进行，必须对项目建设风险进行充分地考虑。所以必须积极地开展项目工程造价风险管理。而在我国关于造价风险方面的理论研究相对落后，所以，必须相关工作人员必须着力对其进行深入的研究，推动风险管理的进一步发展。

With the continuous development of social economy, China’s infrastructure construction is developing faster and faster. It has been widely concerned during the development process of construction industry. In the construction process of the construction industry, the safety of construction is related to the development of the whole social economy. Therefore, the relevant departments should do a good job in the construction process to ensure the safety, reduce accidents, and ensure the safety of construction personnel as far as possible.
  With the rapid development of economy, people’s living standards have been greatly changed, and they have more energy to create their own living environment. Therefore, the construction industry also has rapidly developed, and now people have given considerable attention to the quality and safety management of the construction site. In the construction of the project, the management of the construction site is very important. Proper management can not only standardize the construction process, but also ensure the quality of the project construction, and reduce the probability of accidents. In order to ensure the smooth construction of the project, the most important task is to strengthen the relevant personnel’s awareness of quality control and safety management in the construction process, and the relevant personnel should make reasonable planning and strengthen management according to the actual construction situation.

前 言

随着社会经济的不断发展，我国的基础设施建设变得越来越快。在建筑行业发展的过程中，得到了社会上普遍的关注，在建筑行业施工过程中，建筑施工的安全性关乎到整个社会经济的发展。因此，相关的部门应该在对建筑行业进行施工过程中，做好相关的安全防范工作，尽可能确保工作的安全性，减少事故的发生，保障施工人员的安全。
       在经济的快速发展下，人们的生活水平得到了巨大的改变，人们有更多的精力打造自己的居住环境，因此，建筑行业实现了快速的发展，发展到如今人们对施工现场的质量以及安全管理这方面给予了相当的重视。在工程的施工中施工现场的管理是非常重要的一个环节，适当的管理不仅可以将施工过程进行规范化管理，还能够保证工程施工的质量，在事故发生的几率上也会有所降低。因此，为了保障工程的顺利施工，首要任务就是加强相关人员对施工过程中的质量控制意识和安全管理意识，并且相关人员要根据现场的实际施工情况进行合理规划加强管理。本书就施工现场的质量控制以及安全管理对施工现场进行分析，希望为建筑行业提供一些帮助。

Due to the needs of urban construction and social development, the construction industry has developed rapidly in recent ten years, and the construction project management has also made some achievements. At the same time, the requirements for the construction project cost are higher and higher, and the requirements for the project management and cost level are also higher and higher. Construction engineering is a long-term development project, and today’s market is full of competition and unpredictable market. A large number of information data of enterprises in project management and cost affairs should follow the social changes in a timely and scientific manner. This book mainly introduces the knowledge of quality management, cost and cost, audit and audit of construction projects. The book deeply studies and analyzes the construction characteristics, procedures, and measures and methods of quality control and supervision of engineering projects, emphasizes the control and supervision of project cost and cost in the construction, systematically explains the content and composition of the project cost.

前 言

由于城市建设和社会发展的需要，近十年建筑行业发展迅速，建筑工程项目管理也取得了一定成绩。对建筑工程造价的要求越来越高，对工程管理与造价水平的要求也越来越高，建筑工程是一个长时间的开发项目，而如今的市场是一个充满竞争、变化莫测的市场，企业在工程管理与造价事务中的大量信息数据要及时、科学地跟随社会变化。本书主要对建筑工程项目的质量管理、成本造价、审核审计等方面知识进行了系统介绍。深入研究分析了工程项目的建设特点、程序，以及质量控制与监理的措施方法，突出强调了工程建设中项目成本与造价的控制和监管，系统讲解了工程造价的内容、构成等知识。