The production process of chemical products is a process in which raw and auxiliary materials are transformed into products that meet people’s needs through a series of physical and chemical changes. In addition to the non production factors such as market, management and sales, the economic benefits of chemical products production largely depend on whether the production methods and processes adopted are advanced, reasonable and optimized, which are embodied in the design of production equipment and technology. Therefore, the design of production process of chemical products is the basis for the production of chemical products and obtaining good economic benefits. Production process design is the core of chemical product production process design, and it is also the first design content. It can not only outline the whole design and determine the direction of the whole design, but also play a leading role in organizing and coordinating the cooperation of various non technological specialties. When the process design principle is determined, the principles of civil engineering, equipment, instrument and public works are determined with the process. Therefore, the design of production process has an important impact on the level and quality of the whole design, as well as whether the project can be put into operation successfully and achieve good economic benefits. Reasonable and optimized production process is the basis and guarantee to produce qualified chemical products and obtain good economic benefits. Therefore, in the design of chemical project, we must first pay attention to the design of production process.

   In view of the importance of the production process design in the whole chemical project design, this book attempts to make a more comprehensive and systematic introduction to the problems involved in the production process design, pays attention to the systematicness and integrity of the content description, and strengthens the scientificity, integrity, seriousness and standardization of the process design. This book gives readers a complete and clear understanding of the process and method of chemical product production process design, which is conducive to cultivating readers’ overall concept of engineering design, process optimization concept, production practice concept and technical and economic concept.

前 言

化工产品的生产过程就是原辅材料经过一系列的物理的、化学的变化转变成满足人们需要的产品的过程。化工产品生产的经济效益除与市场、管理和销售等非生产因素有关外，在很大程度上取决于所采用的生产方法和工艺是否先进、合理和优化,具体体现在设计的生.产装置和工艺上， 因此， 化工产品生产工艺的设计是化工产品的生产及其取得良好经济效益的基础。生产工艺流程设计是化工产品生产工艺设计的核心，也是需要最先进行的一项设计内容。它不但能勾画出整个设计的概貌，决定整个设计的方向， 而且还起着组织与协调各个非工艺专业互相配合的主导作用。当工艺设计原则确定后，土建、设备、仪表及公用工程等各项原则均随着工艺的确定而确定下来。因此，生产工艺流程设计对整个设计的水平和质量.以及项目投产能否取得成功并取得良好经济效益具有重要影响，在整个化工设计中居于核心和支配地位。合理、优化的生产工艺流程是生产合格化工产品并取得良好经济效益的基础和保证，因此,进行化工项目的设计，必须首先重视生产工艺流程的设计。
      鉴于生产工艺流程设计在整个化工项目设计中的重要性,本书尝试对生产工艺流程设计所涉及的问题做较全面系统地介绍,注重内容阐述的系统性和完整性， 强化了工艺流程设计的科学性、完整性、严肃性和规范性,给读者对化工产品生产工艺流程设计的过程与方法以完整、 清晰的认识和了解,利于培养读者从事工程设计的全局观念、过程优化观念、生产实际观念和技术经济观念。

Although great achievements have been made in the construction of highway network in China, with the development of regional economy, traffic problems are becoming more and more serious. The main reason is that the layout of highway network is unreasonable, which is difficult to meet the demand of traffic demand growth. There are many problems in the road network of small and medium-sized cities, such as low technical level and poor service level. Therefore, the construction of highway network has become an important problem in the field of infrastructure construction in various large and medium-sized cities, and how to build roads scientifically and reasonably to form road network has become an urgent problem to be solved in large and medium-sized cities.

Transportation industry is the link of production, distribution, exchange and consumption. One of the basic conditions for developing production, developing market and promoting consumption is to have circulation conditions. With the expansion and improvement of production and economic scale, its circulation conditions must be correspondingly advanced and developed in advance, which is also the general law of market economy. Marx once pointed out that in addition to mining, agriculture and industry, there is a fourth physical production sector, that is, transportation, or transportation of goods. Looking at all countries in the world, although the position of road transportation in different countries and regions is different, it is generally in the main position and plays an important role. Since entering the 21st century, with the expansion of highway network scale, the role of highway transportation in transportation is increasingly significant, so the quality of highway network planning will directly affect the development of the entire transportation industry .

前 言

尽管我国公路网建设已取得了巨大的成绩，但随着区域经济的发展，交通问题日趋严重。其主要原因是公路网布局不合理，难以满足交通需求增长的要求。中小城市的道路网普遍存在着公路网技术等级低、服务水平差等问题。因而公路网建设已成为了各个大中城市在基础设施建设领域中的重要问题，随之而来的如何科学合理的建设公路形成路网就成为大中城市迫切要解决的问题。
      交通运输业是联系生产、分配、交换和消费的纽带。发展生产、开发市场、促进消费， 其基本条件之一是要具备流通条件， 并随着生产和经济规模的扩大与提高，其流通条件必须相应地先行一步和超前发展，这也是市场经济的普遍规律。马克思曾指出:“除了开采业、农业和工业，尚有第四个物质生产部门，那就是运输业，或是运输人，或是运输商品”。综观世界各国，公路运输虽然在不同国家和地区的各种运输方式中所占位置有所不同，但普遍都处于主要地位，发挥着重要的作用。进入 21 世纪以来，随着公路网规模的扩大，公路运输在交通运输的作用日益显著，因此公路网规划的好坏将直接影响着整个交通运输业的发展。

As the most important engineering structural material, cement concrete has been widely used because it has many superior properties, such as easy processing, low energy consumption, good durability, and can be combined with steel to form various load-bearing structures with different characteristics. It is suitable for large-scale production and construction, so it has been widely used. From the general industrial and civil buildings, highway and railway bridges, sleepers, poles, piles, pressure pipes, oil tanks and watertowers, to high-rise buildings, underground buildings, marine structures, nuclear power plant protective shells and pressure vessels, large-span space structures and high-rise tower mast structures, concrete structures have become an indispensable and widely used engineering structure material. In the past, it was generally considered that concrete is an experienced material, which is relatively simple from the selection of raw materials, configuration technology to construction application. However, since the late 1970s, concrete technology has made great progress and has entered the field of high-tech, mainly manifested in: (1) the great development of raw materials; (2) the rapid development of ready mixed (commercial) concrete and high-strength concrete technology; (3) concrete construction technology has made great progress; and so on.

前 言

水泥混凝土作为最重要的工程结构材料，因为具有易于加工成型、能耗低、耐久性好、与钢材结合可以组成各类不同特性的承重结构等许多优越性能，适宜于大规模生产和施工，所以获得了广泛的应用。从一般的工业与民用建筑、公路与铁路桥梁、轨枕、电杆、桩、压力管道、油罐与水塔等方面到高层建筑、地下建筑、海洋结构、核电站防护壳与压力容器、大跨度空间结构与高耸塔桅结构等，混凝土结构已经成为现代不可缺少的，将来越来越广泛使用的一种工程结构材料。过去一般认为混凝土是一种经验配置的材料，从原材料的选择、配置工艺到施工应用都比较简单。 但是从 70 年代末期至今， 混凝土技术已经有了很大的进展并已经进入了高科技的领域，主要表现在：（1）原材料有了极大的发展；（2）预拌（商品）混凝土与高强混凝土技术快速发展；（3）混凝土施工技术有了长足进步；等等。

Since the reform and opening up, China’s book industry has developed rapidly. As the manifestation of social consciousness, the formation means of social consciousness, as a tool to promote the ideological, political, educational, scientific and technological, economic development and social progress, it is necessary to conduct in-depth research on books in the new historical period, and form relevant theories to fully realize the role of books.
   In today’s society, due to the highly developed Internet and the wide use of high-definition satellite images, intelligence work has less involved in “tracking, eavesdropping or prying open the safe” type of spying activities, and stealing and photographing are not the main ways of intelligence collection. The evolution direction of intelligence work is to become a branch of social science, pay more attention to the comprehensive analysis of opponents’ political, economic, social and military issues, and conduct comprehensive evaluation and prediction. Intelligence collection is no longer a furtive behavior. Although it is still necessary for the intelligence research institutions to protect the secret information sources of special importance, many information about politics, economy, society, technology, population and so on, as well as the basic social development trend and macro policies and data, are open to the public. They can be searched on the Internet and easily obtained from official documents. In the world, it is a trend to gradually move from national governance to open government affairs. The openness of these policies and data promotes the transparency of a country’s politics and the rationality of administrative law enforcement. Therefore, it will be a possibility and a reality to discuss the intelligence issue openly. As the mystery of intelligence is gradually revealed, intelligence research will become a branch of social science, and intelligence agencies will become more like a “think tank” to advise and advise the ruling party.

前 言

改革开放以来，我国图书事业迅猛发展。 图书作为社会意识的表现形式、社会意识的形成手段，作为推动思想、政治、教育、科技、经济发展和社会进步的工具，在新的历史时期，有必要对其进行深入研究，形成相关理论，全面实现图书的作用。
        当今社会，由于互联网的高度发达，高清卫星图像的广泛运用，情报工作已经较少涉及“跟踪、窃听或者撬开保险柜”式的窥探活动，窃密与偷拍已经不是情报搜集的主要方式。情报工作的演变方向更多的是成为社会科学的一个分支，更加注重综合分析对手的政治、经济、社会、军事问题，并进行综合评估、预测，情报搜集不再是偷偷摸摸的行为。尽管情报研究机构依旧有必要对特别重要的秘密信息来源进行保护，但许多关于政治、经济、社会、技术、人口等方面的情况和社会的基本发展趋势与宏观政策及数据，都是公开的，可以在互联网，上搜索获取、在官方发布的文件里轻易得到。在世界范围来看，从国家治理逐步走向政务公开是一种趋势，这些政策与数据的公开推动了一个国家政治的透明度与行政执法的合理性。因此，公开讨论情报问题将成为一种可能、一种现实。而随着情报的神秘面纱被逐步揭开，情报研究将成为社会科学的分支，情报机构也将变得更像一个为执政党建言献策的“智库”

Water is the source of human life. From ancient times cities in various countries have been built near the water. Thanks to the water, cities have become prosperous, and generated different types of water culture. The emergence and development of any city are closely related to water at all times and all over the world. Both the expansion of city and the growth of population need water resources. Water is an important part of the ecosystem. Water and biological communities (including animals, plant and microorganisms) coexist in rivers and lakes, intertwined with each other through climate system, hydrological cycle, food chain, nutrient cycle and energy exchange. Water conservancy projects play a great role in the economy and society, at the same time, we should also notice that they have influenced river ecosystem to a variable extent.
   Human activities including river regulation and dam construction have artificially changed the diversity, continuity and mobility of rivers, resulting in significant changes in natural conditions such as flow velocity, water depth, water temperature, flow boundary per se, hydrological laws and so on. The influence of all these changes on river ecosystem should not be ignored. The goal of river and lake controlling is not only to develop the functionality of rivers and lakes, but also to maintain the integrity of the watershed ecosystem. Clean rivers are the arteries of a sound ecosystem. Therefore, what should be made clear in the planning of flood control projects is that the river and biological communities in its upstream and downstream, left and right bank are all in one ecosystem. We should carry out unified planning, design and construction.

前 言

水是人类生命之源，从古至今各国的城市依水而建、因水而兴，并形成不同类型的水文化现象。古今中外任何一座城市的产生与发展都离不开水，城市规模的扩大、人口的增长需要水资源的支持。水是生态系统的重要组成部分，河流湖泊中的水与生物群落（包括动物、植物微生物）共存，通过气候系统、水文循环、食物链、养分循环及能量交换相互交织在一起。在社会生产过程中水利工程对经济与社会有着巨大的作用，同时也要看到水利工程对河流生态系统造成了不同程度的影响。
       人类整治河道和修筑堤坝等活动人为地改变了河流的多样性、连续性和流动性，使水域的流速、水深、水温、自水流边界、水文规律等自然条件发生重大改变，这些改变对河流生态系统造成的影响是不容忽视的。河流湖泊治理的目标既要开发河湖的功能性，也要维护流域生态系统的完整性，洁净的河流是一个健全生态系统的动脉。因此，在进行防洪工程的规划时，应明确河流与其上下游、左右岸的生物群落处于一个完整的生态系统中，进行统一规划、设计和建设。