Road construction enterprises are facing fierce and even cruel competition and challenges. Under the planned economy system, local protection and industry protection no longer exist. Survival of the fittest is the rule of market economy. Road construction enterprises only need benefits from management and survive by management. As a very important task, improving the management level of enterprises as soon as possible is put in front of the managers of highway construction enterprises.
     Highway engineering construction project is a one-time project, which is characterized by large scale, many variable factors, strong mobility of construction units and fierce competition in the industry. These characteristics require that the management of the project must be strengthened, so that the highway construction enterprises can set up the construction organization, set up the construction team and organize the implementation process of the project according to the requirements of the project management. At the same time, it is necessary to ensure that the progress, quality, labor, machinery, materials, cost, safety, environment, data, completion acceptance and other aspects of the project can be coordinated with each other and well controlled to ensure the smooth completion of the project. At the same time, with the continuous emergence of new technology, new process, new equipment and new materials, the requirements for highway engineering personnel are higher and higher. The professional level and management ability of technical personnel in the basic construction organization of highway engineering have become the key to the orderly, efficient and high-quality completion of highway engineering construction projects. This book mainly starts from the concept of project management, and deeply analyzes the organization management, cost management, progress management, quality management, contract management, safety management and information management in project management, so as to better provide project management services and improve the construction efficiency of the whole construction project.

前 言

公路施工企业面临激烈甚至残酷的竞争和挑战，计划经济体制下的地方保护、行业保护不复存在， 优胜劣汰是市场经济的规则， 公路施工企业只有向管理要效益，靠管理求生存。尽快提高企业的经营管理水平，作为一项非常重要的任务摆在了公路施上企业管理者的面前。
      公路工程施工项目属于一次性工程，其特点是规模大、变动因素多、施工单位流动性强、行业竞争激烈，这些特性要求必须加大项目的管理工作，使公路施工企业按照项目管理要求设置施工组织机构， 组建施工队伍， 对工程项目实施过程组织。 同时，又要保证工程进度、质量、劳动、机械、材料、成本、安全、环境、资料、竣工验收等方面能相互协调，并得到很好的控制，以保证项目顺利完成。同时，新技术、新工艺、新设备、新材料的不断涌现，对公路工程人员的要求越来越高。公路工程基层施工组织中的技术人员的业务水平和管理能力的高低， 已经成为公路工程建设项目能否有序、高效、高质量完成的关键。本书主要从项目管理的概念入手，深入分析工程项目管理中的组织管理、费用管理、进度管理、 质量管理、合同管理、安全管理和信息管理，从而更好地提供项目管理服务，提高整个建筑工程的施工效率。

      Housing construction has always been an important part of China’s construction projects. With the development of China’s economic level and the continuous improvement of people’s living standards, China’s economy has gradually integrated into the global market, and a large number of large-scale construction projects have emerged, such as the Yangtze River Three Gorges project, Beijing Olympic project, Shanghai World Expo project, Beijing Shanghai high speed rail project, etc. Due to the continuous improvement of the requirements for housing construction projects in China, the early management, cost accounting, construction organization, construction coordination, quality management, safety management and so on in the process of housing project construction are particularly important.In order to meet the requirements of high standard of housing construction, it is necessary to strengthen the management of housing project construction to ensure the smooth completion of construction projects with quality and quantity guaranteed.
      This paper makes full research and analysis on the management of housing construction projects in China from many aspects, including: the analysis of the current situation of housing construction project management in China; the research on the pre construction planning of housing construction projects in China; the analysis on the organization and management of housing construction projects; the analysis on the planning system of housing construction projects; the control, accounting, analysis and research on management; research on cost control of housing construction project; research on construction quality of housing construction project; research and analysis on environmental management and safety management of construction site of housing construction project.

前 言

        房屋建设一直是我国建设项目中的重要组成部分，随着我国经济水平的发展和人民生活水平的不断提高，我国经济也渐渐融入了全球市场，并涌现了一大批像长江三峡工程、北京奥运项目、上海世博项目、京沪高铁项目等举世瞩目的特大型建设项目。我国对于房屋建设项目的要求也不断的提高。对于房屋项目建设过程中的前期管理、成本核算、施工组织、施工协调、质量管理、安全管理等也就显得尤为重要。为了符合房屋建设高标准的要求，必须要加强对房屋项目建设的管理，保障建设项目保质保量的顺利建成。
       本文从多个方面对我国房屋建设项目管理做了充分的研究分析，其中包含：我国房屋建筑项目管理的现状分析；对我国房屋建设项目施工前期策划方面的研究；房屋建设项目组织和管理分析；房屋建设项目的计划系统分析；对房屋建设项目进度控制、核算、分析和管理等方面的研究；对房屋建设项目项目成本的成本能控制研究；房屋建设项目施工质量的研究；房屋建设项目施工现场环境管理和安全管理方面的研究分析。

Looking at the economic growth of developed countries in the 20th century, we can draw a conclusion that without innovation, there will be no economic development, no social progress, and it is impossible to improve the survival and development ability of enterprises. Today’s top 500 companies almost all rely on enterprise innovation to grow up gradually. With the development of science and technology and the arrival of the new economic era, enterprise innovation has changed from passivity and contingency to initiative and inevitability. Human beings have never been so devoted to the pursuit of innovation, and enterprises are more aware that innovation has become the soul that determines the survival and development of enterprises. What’s more, medium-sized and small enterprises are not only an important and active force in economic development, but also an important source of power for economic growth with their vigorous innovation activities. Therefore, it is more important to study the innovation of medium-sized and small enterprises for promoting the healthy development of medium-sized and small enterprises in China.
     The development of enterprise innovation theory is a gradual process. In different development periods and different economic development stages, the innovation methods are often different. Therefore, this book analyzes the theory of enterprise innovation and its background and historical conditions, and puts forward the future development trend of enterprise innovation in the new economic situation.
    Modern enterprise innovation practice shows that enterprise innovation is not a single technological innovation, but a comprehensive system engineering. Therefore, this book introduces the technological innovation, product innovation, market innovation, service innovation, organization innovation, management innovation and culture innovation of enterprises, and tries to summarize the rules from them, so as to provide innovation programs for small and medium-sized enterprises.
    In the process of innovation, in addition to relying on market regulation, enterprises also need the government to provide necessary guidance and support. This book introduces the role of government in enterprise innovation and the principles, contents and methods of providing support. 

Because it is relatively late for China to attach importance to small and medium-sized enterprises, and lags far behind the developed countries in the construction of innovation system, and now faces the challenge of new economy, how to realize and control the innovation of small and medium-sized enterprises in our country has become the primary problem. This book introduces the current situation and existing problems of innovation of small and medium-sized enterprises in China, and explores the ways of innovation of small and medium-sized enterprises in China.
    In the process of planning and compiling this book, we have referred to a large number of domestic and foreign documents and materials, from which we can get inspiration; at the same time, we have also received the support and help from leaders, colleagues, friends and students. We would like to express our heartfelt thanks to you! Due to the rapid development of network information security technology, there are still some unsatisfactory aspects in the selection and compilation of this book. In addition, due to the limited knowledge level and time of the editor, there are inevitably shortcomings and errors in the book. We hope that the experts and readers of the same trade can correct it so as to further improve it.

前 言

纵观 20 世纪世界各发达国家的经济增长， 可以得出这样一个结论， 即没有创新就没有经济发展，就没有社会进步，就不可能提高企业的生存与发展能力。当今世界 500 强的大企业，几乎都是依靠企业创新从小企业逐渐成长起来的。随着科学技术的发展和新经济时代的到来， 企业创新已由过去的被动性、 偶然性走向了主动性、必然性。人类从来没有像今天这样致力于追求创新，企业也从来没有像现在这样认识到创新已成为决定企业生存与发展的灵魂。更值得一提的是，中小企业不仅是经济发展的一只重要而活跃的力量，而且以其富有生机的创新活动，为经济增长提供了重要的动力源泉。因此，深入研究中小企业创新问题对于促进我国中小企业健康发展更具有重要的现实意义。
       企业创新理论的发展是一个渐进的过程，在不同的发展时期、经济不同的发展阶段，往往采取的创新方法也不同，因此，分析了企业创新理论及其产生的背景和历史条件，并提出在新的经济形势下，企业创新的未来发展趋势。

现代企业创新实践表明，企业创新已经不是单一的技术创新，而是一项综合的系统工程。所以，介绍了企业的技术创新、产品创新、市场创新、服务创新、组织创新、管理创新和企业文化创新等有关内容，力求从中总结出规律，为中小企业提供创新方案。
       企业在创新的过程中，除了依靠市场的调节之外，还需要政府提供必要的引导和支持。介绍了政府在企业创新中的作用以及提供支持的原则、内容和方法。

 由于我国重视中小企业工作比较晚，尤其是在创新体系建设上还远落后于发达国家，当今时代又面临着人世的新经济的挑战，我国中小企业如何实现并驾驭企业创新已成为首要问题。介绍了我国中小企业创新的现状及存在的问题，探索我国中小企业创新的途径。
       在本书的策划和编写过程中，曾参阅了国内外有关的大量文献和资料，从其中得到启示；同时也得到了有关领导、同事、朋友及学生的大力支持与帮助。在此致以衷心的感谢!由于网络信息安全的技术发展非常快， 本书的选材和编写还有一些不尽如人意的地方，加上编者学识水平和时间所限，书中难免存在缺点和谬误，敬请同行专家及读者指正，以便进一步完善提高。

With the development of information technology, the level of science and technology in our country has made rapid progress, and people’s life style has also changed a lot.Computer technology, network technology, communication technology, sensor technology, artificial intelligence technology, VR technology and many other kinds of science and  technology in the information age have been integrated into people’s daily life. The Internet has become the most important way of information dissemination in today’s society. In order to meet the needs of people’s daily life and work, and facilitate the management and development of the city, China put forward the development requirements of smart city construction in 2011. The construction of smart city is directly related to the level of economic and technological development. Generally speaking, the higher the content of science and technology is, and the more developed the economy is, the earlier countries conceive smart city. Therefore, compared with the world, the construction of smart city in China is still in a relatively short time.
    The purpose of the city is to provide sustainable prosperity for its citizens. The city stands at the top of the new century, new rights, new responsibilities, new economy, newpolitics and new technology. In the sustainable development of cities, human beings are facing major challenges and threats. The city must use new technology to transform the core system into an intelligent system and make the most of the limited resources.
    Many cities around the world have begun to seize this opportunity. To grasp the pulse of the development of the times and realize the goal of sustainable and prosperous development of the city, we must combine the new technological revolution with the trend of urbanization development, and urgently need to find a comprehensive solution that follows the objective law of urban development. In this case, smart city becomes our inevitable choice and the only way for the future development of the city.

前 言

在信息化发展的今天，我国的科学技术水平有了飞速的进步，人民的生活方式也产生了很大的改变，计算机技术、网络技术、通信技术、传感技术、人工智能技术、 VR 技术等众多信息化时代下的科学技术已经融入人民的日常生活当中，互联网也成为当今社会中最重要的信息传播方式， 为了满足人民日常生活和工作的需求，便于城市的管理和发展， 我国在 2011 年提出了智慧城市建设的发展要求。 智慧城市的建设与经济、科技发展程度有直接联系，通常来讲，科技含量越高、经济越发达的国家对智慧城市构思越早。因此，和世界范围相比较，我国智慧城市的构建仍处于一种兴起时间比较短的事物。

城市的目的是为市民提供可持续繁荣。城市站在新世纪、新权利、新责任、新经济、新政治和新技术的顶尖。在城市的可持续发展上，正面临重大的挑战和威胁。城市必须使用新技术将核心系统转型到智能化系统，最大限度地利用有限的资源。
       世界各地许多城市已经开始抓住这个机会。把握时代发展的脉搏，实现城市的可持续繁荣发展目标，就必须让新技术革命和城市化发展趋势相结合，就迫切需要找出一条遵循城市发展客观规律的综合解决之道。在此情形下，智慧城市成为我们的必然选择，也是城市未来发展的必由之路。

This book is a relatively systematic and comprehensive English course and teaching theory textbook or compilation compiled according to the concept of Curriculum Standard for Teacher Education (Trial). The features of this book are as follows: The first one is the combination of the concept and spirit of Curriculum Standard for Teacher Education (Trial) and English Curriculum Standard (Revised Version); second, it not only reflects the latest development results of the English discipline and its related disciplines, but also devotes itself to combing and presenting the traditional discipline theory; third, it combines the practicality and theory, especially reveals the law of education and teaching of English course as a practical subject, and provide a large number of practical cases for
users to refer to.
    This book can be divided into two parts from the content, the first part is mainly about theoretical knowledge, including language and language teaching concept, modern language teaching concept, mother tongue and second language acquisition concept, etc. The second part is mainly about practice. This book analyzes and studies modern English teaching methods and curriculum development methods. Consciousness plays a very important role in guiding behavior. Therefore, establishing a scientific concept of English teaching can play a positive role in promoting the follow-up teaching behavior and lay a solid foundation for the cultivation of high-quality talents. At the same time, all theories and concepts need to be put into practice, and their connotations need to be gradually implemented from practice. The idea of this book is to combine theory with practice, “two hands grasp, two hands hard”. This book strives to provide effective reference for modern English teaching.

前 言

本书是一本按照《教师教育课程标准（试行）》的理念编写的比较系统的、全面的英语课程和教学论教材或编著。本书的特色为：一是《教师教育课程标准（试行）》和英语课程标准（修订稿）的理念和精神相结合；二是既反映英语学科及其相关学科的最新发展成果，也致力于梳理和呈现传统的学科理论；三是实践性和理论性相结合，特别揭示作为一门实践性较强的英语课程的教育教学规律，并提供大量的实践案例供使用者参考。
       本书从内容上可分为两大部分，其中，第一部分主要为理论知识篇，包含语言与语言教学观念、现代语言教学观、母语及二语习得观等；第二部分主要为实践篇，针对现代英语教学方式与课程开展方式展开分析与研究。意识对行为具有非常重要的指导作用，因此，树立科学的英语教学观念，能够对后续的教学行为产生积极的推动作用，可为高素质人才的培养打下坚实基础；同时所有理论和观念都需要付诸实践， 从实践中逐步落实其中内涵。 本书撰写的理念便是将理论与实际相结合， “两手抓，两手硬”，力求为现代英语课程教学提供有效的参考。