In recent years, the application of ultrasound in medicine has been developing rapidly. Ultrasound diagnosis, with its simple, injury-free, pain-free, high accuracy and good repeatability, has been generally welcomed by clinicians and patients, and has become one of the most commonly used methods to diagnose diseases. With the development of ultrasound technology and ultrasonic instruments, ultrasound medicine has become more and more widely used, and has gradually become an important content that ultrasound medical workers must learn.

  Ultrasound medicine is a diagnostic method of ultrasound comprehensive imaging, which is a highly theoretical and practical subject, and is widely used in clinical medicine. It not only involves general internal surgery, obstetrics and gynecology, pediatrics and other major departments, but also has close contact with many specialties such as neurology, cardiovascular, urology, endocrinology, oncology, etc. With the increasing scope of clinical application of ultrasound imaging technology, in order to facilitate medical personnel to learn and use ultrasound diagnosis and treatment technology, we compiled this book on the basis of a large number of domestic and foreign literature.

  The Editorial Board Members of this book has grasped the principle of “less and more refined” and simplified as far as possible. Due to the limitation of space and the level of the editor, there are inevitably some omissions and improperieties in the content of this book, readers are welcome to criticize or correct them.

前 言

近年来，超声在医学上的应用得到了飞速的发展。超声诊断以其简便易行、无损伤、无痛苦、准确性高、重复性好等特点，受到临床医生和患者的普遍欢迎，成为诊断疾病最常用的方法之一。超声技术和超声仪器的发展进步，更使得超声医学拥有了愈加广阔的应用领城，逐渐成为超声医学工作者必须学习的重要内容。
      超声医学是超声综合成像技术用于临床的诊断方法，是理论性和实践性很强的学科，在临床医学中的应用越来越广泛。它不仅涉及一般内外科、妇产科、儿科等主要科室，还与不少专科如神经内科、心血管科、泌尿外科、内分泌科、肿瘤科等有着密切联系。随着超声影像技术临床应用范围的日益扩大，为了便于医务人员学习和运用超声诊断和治疗技术， 我们在参考了大量国内外文献的基础上编写了此书。
       本书编委们掌握尽可能“少而精”和删繁就简的原则，由于篇幅限制和编著者的水平，本书内容难免尚有疏漏、不当之处，诚恳希望同道们不吝指正。

China’s economic and social is continuously developing, and the construction  industry has entered a stage of rapid development. In the development process of the  construction industry, project management occupies an important position. Only by  improving the efficiency and level of project management, can we ensure the quality of  construction projects and promote the healthy development of the construction industry.  As an important branch of management science, construction project management has its  own characteristics. Construction engineering project management is known as an  important aspect of project management in the 21st century. Construction engineering  companies face a more complex competitive environment and stronger competitors. In  order to compete for market and survival space, enterprises should stand at the height of  strategy and cultivate long-term competitive advantages. Cost management is a new tool  to enhance the competitiveness of enterprises.  

  In recent years, with the acceleration of the urbanization, China’s construction  industry has shown a rapid development trend, and the scale of construction projects has  been expanded to a certain extent, which has put forward new requirements for  construction engineering management. Based on this, the management personnel should  combine the current construction engineering management needs of our country, try to  apply project management to the construction engineering management work, gradually  improve the management efficiency and management standardization, provide  corresponding guarantee for the strengthening of construction engineering management  quality, and provide certain support for the modernization construction and development  of the industry. Based on many years of experience in construction engineering  management, this book systematically summarizes the management knowledge of  construction engineering for reference of construction management workers.

前 言  

我国的经济社会不断发展，建筑行业也进入了快速发展阶段。在建筑行业的发展过程中，工程管理占据着重要位置，只有提高工程管理的效率和水平，才能保证建筑工程质量，促进建筑行业的健康发展。建筑工程项目管理作为管理科学的重要分支，有其自身特点。建筑工程项目管理被称为21 世纪项目管理的一个重要方面，建筑工程企业面对的是更复杂的竞争环境和更强劲的竞争对手。企业为了争夺市场和生存空间，应该站在战略的高度，培育长期竞争优势。而成本管理正是提升企业竞争力的新工具。 

近年来，随着城市化进程的加快，我国建筑行业呈现出飞速发展的趋势，建筑工程项目规模得到了一定程度上的拓展，这对建筑工程管理工作提出了新的要求。基于此，管理人员应该结合当前我国建筑工程管理需求，尝试将项目化管理应用到建筑工程管理工作中，逐步提升管理效率和管理规范性，为建筑工程管理质量的强化提供相 应的保障，为建筑行业的现代化建设和发展提供一定的支持。基于多年的建筑工程管理工作经验，本书系统总结了建筑工程的管理知识，供建筑管理工作者借鉴。

Highway bridge engineering detection is an important part of highway bridge construction quality management. Through the test and detection, the quality of various raw materials, semi-finished products and finished components can be evaluated quantitatively, so as to make full use of local raw materials, and rapidly promote the application of new materials, new technologies and new processes, and reasonably control the construction quality and scientifically evaluate the quality of highway and bridge engineering. Therefore, the test and detection work will play a very important role in ensuring and improving the project quality, speeding up the construction progress, reducing the project cost and promoting the progress of highway engineering construction technology.
    The detection technology of highway and bridge engineering is a new developing subject, which integrates the theoretical knowledge of test, detection, practical operation skills and related basic knowledge, involves a wide range of knowledge, and contains more project contents. In order to enable the engineering, testing personnel or quality control management personnel to acquire relatively systematic and complete highway bridge construction detection knowledge, so as to do a good job in the key links of engineering material quality, construction control parameters, on-site construction process quality and engineering quality acceptance, this book is specially compiled.
    Due to the rapid development of new methods, new technologies and new specifications of highway engineering test and detection, as well as the limited level of the editor, there are inevitably some defects in the book. The majority of teachers and students and readers who use the book are welcome to criticize and correct them.

前 言

公路桥梁工程检测工作是公路桥梁施工质量管理中的一个重要组成部分。通过试验、检测，能用定量的方法评价各种原材料、半成品和成品构件的质量，从而充分地利用当地原材料，亦能迅速推广应用新材料、新技术和新工艺，能合理地进行施工质量控制和科学地评定公路桥梁工程质量。因此，试验、检测工作对于保证和提高工程质量、加快施工进度、降低工程造价、推动公路工程施工技术进步，将起到极为重要的作用。
       公路桥梁工程、检测技术是正在发展的新学科，它融试验，检测理论知识和实际操作技能及相关基础知识于一体，涉及知识面较广包含的项目内容较多。为使工程、检测人员或质量控制管理人员获得比较系统完整的公路桥梁施工检测知识，以便在工程施工中做好工程材料质量、施工控制参数、现场施工过程质量和工程质量验收这几个关键环节的把关工作，特编写此书。
       由于公路工程试验检测新方法、 新技术及新规范发展迅速， 加之编者水平有限，书中难免存在不妥之处，敬请使用本书的广大师生和读者批评指正。

With the rapid development of China’s construction, in order to strengthen the construction management of mechanical and electrical engineering, ensure the engineering quality and construction safety, it is imperative to improve the quality of mechanical and electrical engineering professional and technical personnel, and standardize the construction management behavior. With the advent of the electronic age, the traditional manual industry is gradually replaced, and electromechanical equipment is widely used in highway engineering. Therefore, the number of mechanical and electrical equipment installation is increasing rapidly, which inevitably leads to some problems in the installation process. These problems seriously affect the quality and safety performance of mechanical and electrical equipment, so we should understand the installation process and precautions of mechanical and electrical equipment, and clarify the structure and installation sequence of mechanical and electrical equipment. The level of mechanical and electrical engineering construction technology determines the construction progress, quality, safety and economy of the project, directly affects the benefit of the construction enterprise, and determines the sustainable development ability and competitiveness of the enterprise. The construction technology level of the enterprise is composed of the basic quality and technical level of several project leaders, constructors and all construction personnel.
    This paper mainly describes the construction of mechanical and electrical installation of common quality problems and its prevention and control measures. In the mechanical and electrical installation construction work, including a variety of engineering projects, including drainage engineering, weak current engineering and electrical engineering, as well as fire engineering and air conditioning and ventilation engineering. The important part of mechanical and electrical installation engineering is electrical engineering and weak current engineering. Therefore, the material quality should be controlled, the installation technology level should be improved, and the construction management should be strengthened. Due to the lack of experience of the editor, there may be mistakes and omissions in the article. Readers are welcome give criticism and correction.

前 言

随着我国建设事业的迅速发展，为了加强机电工程施工管理，保证工程质量和施工安全，提高机电工程专业技术人员素质，规范施工管理行为，已经势在必行。电子时代的到来，传统的手工行业被渐渐取代，机电设备被广泛应用于高速公路工程中，因此机电设备安装数量急剧增加，使得在安装过程中会不可避免地出现一些问题。这些问题严重影响机电设备的质量和安全性能，所以应该对机电设备的安装流程及注意事项进行了解，明确机电设备的结构、安装顺序。机电工程施工技术的水平决定了项目的施工进度、质量、安全性和经济性，直接影响施工企业的效益，决定了企业的可持续发展的能力和竞争力，而企业的施工技术水平是由若干位项目负责人、建造师和全体施工人员的基本素质、技术水平构成的。
      本文主要讲述了建筑机电安装常见的质量问题和其防治措施。在机电安装施工工作中，包括各种工程项目，包括排水工程、弱电工程和电气工程，还包括消防工程和空调通风工程等。机电安装工程的重要组成部分是电气工程和弱电工程，因此具体施工环节应控制材料质量，提高安装技术水平，加强施工管理。由于编者经验不足，文章可能出现错漏，望广大读者给予批评指正。

With the development of economic construction and the improvement of people’s living standards, China’s heating industry has also been rapid development. The vast majority of public buildings and industrial enterprises in the northern region are installed with central heating equipment, and residential buildings are also installed with heating equipment, which makes the living more comfortable and hygienic, and the environmental conditions have been greatly improved.
    Heating engineering is widely used in various sectors of the national economy, and is closely related to energy application, environmental protection, energy conservation and emission reduction, haze control and improvement of life quality. In order to make the heating system economic, energy-saving, safe and reliable operation, a large number of professionals with special knowledge are needed.
    In the process of writing, the author explained profound theories in simple language, acted in cooperation from start to finish and made foreign things serve China on the basis of the actual situation. The description text is simple and clear; the concept and principle are explained with pictures and texts; the key points are highlighted in the graphic expression; the examples are matched with the hydraulic calculation method. The form and content of heating system are expanded and extended.
    Due to the limited level of the editor, omissions are inevitable. Readers are requested to make comments and corrections.

前 言 

随着经济建设的发展和人民生活水平的提高，我国的供热事业也得到迅速发展。北方地区的绝大多数公共建筑和工业企业都装设了集中供暖设备，居民住宅也陆续装设了供暖设备，居住的更加舒适、卫生，环境条件得到很大的改善。
       供热工程广泛应用于国民经济各个部门，与能源应用、环境保护、节能减排、雾霾治理和提高生活质量密切相关。为了使供热系统经济、节能、安全、可靠运行，需要有一大批具有专门知识的专业人才。
       在编写过程中作者注意深入浅出，前后呼应；结合实际情况，外为中用。叙述文字简单明确；图文配合诠释概念和原理；图形表达侧重突出重点；例题与水力计算方法匹配。扩展和延伸了供暖系统的形式与内容。
      由于编者水平有限，难免存在疏漏与不妥之处，敬请广大读者批评指正。