Road and bridge construction is particularly important in the infrastructure construction of our country. It can promote the rapid development of social economy, but also provide convenience for people’s daily life. In the process of road and bridge construction, construction technology has a direct impact on the quality of the project. Therefore, only continuous improvement and updating of construction technology can promote the better development of road and bridge construction projects in China. At present, China’s road and bridge construction technology is relatively backward compared with some developed countries in the world. Although the road and bridge construction technology in our country can meet the needs of social development at this stage, the road and bridge engineering professionals still need to continue to research and explore, improve the road and bridge construction technology, so that the road and bridge construction technology can develop in the long term, and contribute to the social and economic development of our country.
     This book makes a detailed and comprehensive analysis of the basic road and bridge construction design and technical control at this stage in China from three chapters of road construction technology, bridge construction technology, road and bridge construction management, hoping to contribute to the work of relevant staff.

前 言

道路桥梁建设在我国的基础设施建设中是尤为重要的，它能够促进社会经济的快速发展，同时，也能为人们的日常生活提供便利。在道路桥梁建设的施工过程中，施工技术是直接影响着工程的质量的，因此，只有不断改进和更新施工技术，才能够推动我国道路桥梁建设工程更好的发展。目前，我国的道路桥梁施工技术与目前世界上一些发达国家相比还较为落后。虽然，现阶段我国的道路桥梁施工技术能够满足我国社会发展的需求，但是，道路桥梁工程专业人员仍然需要不断地进行研究探索，完善道路桥梁施工技术，使道路桥梁施工技术能够长远发展，为我国的社会经济发展贡献力量。
        本书从道路施工技术、桥梁施工技术、道路桥梁施工管理等三大章内容对我国现阶段的基本道路桥梁施工设计及技术管控进行详细全面的分析，希望有助于相关工作人员工作的开展。

Since the Reform and Opening up, urban construction has not only promoted the development of China’s economy and science and technology, but also promoted the development of China’s transportation industry. China’s road, bridge and tunnel engineering industry has made many remarkable achievements.
     This book first outlines the current situation and future development of road, bridge and tunnel engineering, and then analyzes and discusses the basic theory, planning, design and construction technology of each project in detail. This book adheres to the combination of theory and practice, and uses the method of specific analysis to discuss the specific problems, so as to provide a reference for the road and bridge workers in China to meet the needs of the development of the current industry, and contribute to the modernization of the road and bridge and tunnel industry in China.

前 言

自改革开放以来，城市建设在推动中国经济的腾飞、科技的进步的同时，也促进了我国交通事业的发展，我国道路桥梁和隧道工程行业更是取得了许多骄人的成就。
       本书先概述了道路桥梁与隧道工程大发展现状与未来，再针对每一项工程的基础理论、规划设计与施工技术进行了详细的分析与论述。本书坚持理论与实践相结合，运用具体问题具体分析的方法来展开论述，以期为我国广大路桥工作者提供一本适应现时行业发展需要的参考资料，为我国路桥与隧道事业的现代化添砖加瓦。

Product development is the concrete embodiment of conception, planning, structural design and organization related to product formation. Generally speaking, it can be divided into product planning, product design, production preparation and sample test. Product design is the creative stage in the process of product development and the most important link in the process of product development. Its essence is a process of generating new knowledge based on existing knowledge.

Product design is the core competence of product R & D enterprises. The management and reuse of design knowledge can improve the efficiency and quality of product design. At present, the research on design knowledge focuses on design knowledge management, which mainly focuses on how to manage the accumulated design resources in the enterprise, as well as knowledge acquisition, knowledge representation and other technologies with knowledge as the core. However, the research on knowledge reuse mode and method is less, which is easy to cause the state of “managing without using” of design knowledge. The ultimate goal of product design knowledge management is not to manage design knowledge, but to reuse design knowledge and improve the efficiency and quality of product design process. The key factor to promote the development of product design process is designers. Only through the reuse of designers can design knowledge play its due role. Therefore, this book analyzes product design and management from nine chapters, and focuses on the key technology of providing design knowledge to designers, so as to realize the reuse of design knowledge.

前 言

产品开发是产品形成有关的构思、规划、结构设计、组织等的具体体现。一般而言，可划分为产品规划、产品设计、生产准备和样品试验等几个阶段。产品设计是产品开发过程中的创造性阶段，是产品开发过程中最重要的一个环节，其本质是一个基于既有知识产生新知识的过程。
      产品设计是产品研发企业的核心能力，对设计知识的管理与重用能够提升产品设计的效率和质量。目前，对设计知识的研究集中于设计知识管理，其主要关注点在于如何管理企业中已经积累的设计资源，以及以知识为核心的知识获取、知识表示等技术，而对知识重用模式和方法的研究较少，容易造成设计知识“管而不用”的状态。产品设计知识管理的最终目标并不是将设计知识管理起来，而是重用设计知识并提升产品设计过程的效率和质量，因此，需要对知识重用方法展开研究。推动产品设计过程发展的核心要素是设计人员，设计知识只有通过设计人员的重用才能发挥其应有的作用。因此，本书从九章内容对产品设计与管理进行分析，对如何将设计知识提供给设计人员的角度展开，重点研究将设计知识提供给设计人员的关键技术，以此实现设计知识的重用。

With the continuous progress of computer technology, microelectronics technology, space technology, communication technology and information technology, surveying and mapping instruments and equipment are constantly updated, and profound changes have taken place in the field of surveying and mapping technology. From the collection, processing and management of data to the storage and output of data, we are constantly moving towards the direction of automation, digitization, integration and scientization. GPS technology, RS technology, GIS technology and digital mapping technology have been widely used in various fields of national economic construction. At present, the traditional surveying and mapping technology is still widely used, and the basic principle, basic method and basic operation process are basically unchanged. In the transformation period of new and old instruments, new and old methods and new and old surveying and mapping technology, the key means to improve efficiency is to keep up with the pace of technological development.
    The development of modern surveying and mapping discipline requires that surveying and mapping workers should not only study and research in this discipline and the scope of this specialty, but also broaden the scope of professional knowledge, and more combine the theory and technology learning of other disciplines beyond this specialty and even other disciplines that seem not to be very relevant. In this regard, the first condition is to have a comprehensive and systematic understanding of the research content, theory, advanced technology and methods, discipline development and tasks of the discipline. Only by “accumulating widely and developing thinly” can we deeply study surveying and mapping technology and theory, innovate subject content and promote the development of surveying and mapping subject.

前 言

随着计算机技术、微电子技术、空间技术、通讯技术和信息技术的不断进步，测绘仪器设备不断更新换代，测绘技术领域也发生了深刻变化。从数据的采集、处理和管理，到数据的存储、输出，不断向自动化、数字化、集成化、科学化的方向迈进， GPS 技术、 RS 技术、 GIS 技术、数字化测绘技术已经广泛地应用于国民经济建设的各个领域之中。目前，传统的测绘技术仍被大量使用，基本原理、基本方法、基本操作过程大体未改变，在新老仪器、新老方法、新老测绘技术的转换时期，紧跟技术发展的步伐才是提升效益的关键手段。
     现代测绘学科的发展，要求测绘工作者，不应仅局限于本学科及本专业范围的学习和研究，还要拓宽专业知识面，要更多地结合本专业以外的甚至其它似乎不太相关的学科理论及技术的学习。对此，首要的条件是必须全面而系统地了解本学科的研究内容及理论、先进技术及方法、学科发展和任务。“广积而薄发”才能深层次地研究测绘技术和理论，创新学科内容，推动测绘学科的发展。

The advancement of science and technology and the rapid development of the global economy have greatly improved the quality of life in human society, but also brought a series of problems that threaten human survival, such as water pollution, lack of water and environmental damage, which has aroused widespread concern in the fields of environment, ecology and sustainable development in the world. Protecting the global environment and implementing sustainable development have become the consensus of human society. As the most populous developing country, solving environmental problems is not only in line with China’s own long-term goals for sustainable development, but also an important manifestation of the common interests of human society.
     The research content of this article includes the concept of water resources and its comprehensive development and utilization, the understanding, causes and prevention of flood disasters, measures for irrigation water and water intake methods, calculation of water consumption for urban water supply and knowledge of water sources, understanding of environmental concepts and classifications, main problems of the environment, content and tasks of environmental science, the relationship between environmental pollution and human health and the impact on human health, domestic and foreign measures and development history of environmental protection. Through the content of the article, readers can realize the importance and scarcity of water resources, the seriousness of environmental pollution and the harm caused by it, so as to let everyone increase the importance of nature, better protect the environment, and promote the harmony between people and the environment.

前 言

科学技术的进步和全球经济的迅猛发展，在极大地改善了人类社会生活质量的同时，也带来了水资源污染、缺失和环境破坏等一系列威胁人类生存的问题，从而引起了世界各国对环境、生态、可持续发展等领域的广泛关注。保护全球环境，实施可持续发展，已成为人类社会的共识。作为人口最多的发展中国家，解决好环境问题， 既符合中国自身可持续发展的长远目标， 也是人类社会共同利益的重要体现。
      本文研究内容包括水资源的概念以及综合开发利用；对于洪涝灾害的认识、成因以及预防；灌溉用水的措施以及水源取水方式；城镇供水的用水量计算和水源知识；对于环境概念以及分类的了解；环境主要存在的问题；环境科学的内容和任务；环境污染与人体健康的关系以及对人体的影响危害；国内外对于环境保护的措施和发展历程。通过文章内容让大家认识到水资源的重要性和稀缺性，环境污染的严重和带来的危害，让大家提高对自然的重视程度，更好的保护环境，促进人与环境和谐相处。