水文水资源工程作为重要的民生工程，在实际的建设过程中对于社会的影响尤其重要。在这其中设计到多方面的内容，其是一种专业化程度较高的建设工程，工程建设的质量将直接影响到水文水利工程的整体使用质量，因此必须做好必要的工作和管理制度的建设，以保证工程最终的质量得到保障，强化水文水资源的建设管理，提高工程建设的质量，满足社会发展的实际需要。主要的重点就体现在，首先能够提高社会经济的发展和进步，帮助推动社会技术的进步和提高，逐步的带动经济的发展；其次，对于实际的工程建设质量的管理，能够促使建设团队提高对于工程的建设重视程度，从而使得在工程建设的方面提高质量；最后，对水文水利工程的建设质量进行管理和控制，能够在最大程度上提高建设效率，降低建设难度，主要体现在，工程建设过程中需要经过多个复杂的环节，因此通过对建设的管理就能够确保工程环节能够顺利对接，从而保证最终的建设质量和标准。
       水文水资源工程的建设关乎到社会以及民众的生活质量和生活水平，因此在现代社会中关于其工程的建设应该把握主要的建设标准和建设制度，将质量作为主要的建设目标进行，使得水文水资源工程的使用能够造福社会和人民，为水力资源的利用方面提供基础的保障。此外，现阶段关于水文水资源工程建设的管理中仍有部分不足之处， 致使在工程建设过程中出现质量问题， 严重影响最终的使用， 本书《水文水资源工程与水生态管理》通过对水文水资源工程与水生态管理进行了探讨和研究，旨在解决当前工程建设管理当中出现的问题，以供参考。

站在世界的角度来看，中国是海洋大国，拥有十分丰富的水资源，淡水资源在 世界排名前列。然而，由于中国同样是人口大国，拥有较大的人口基数，所以造成 人均拥有的淡水资源十分有限，和世界上其他国家人口相比较更低，现如今，在中 国淡水资源在进行开发使用的时候还具有很多问题：一方面，我国水费与水价的设 定问题。在对水价设定来讲，中国普遍设定的水价较低，特别是在农村地区，一些 农村地区甚至并未设定水费，因此造成水费比成本价更低，形成严重的亏损，造成 水资源浪费。此外，还有许多人民的节约用水意识较低，并未培养节约用水的良好 习惯，任意索取水资源，并且没有进行控制，导致水资源的浪费十分严重。另一方 面，在我国农业与工业中，许多工作在用水过程中水资源浪费的情况十分严重，特 别是在进行农业灌溉的时候。中国是农业大国，在生产过程中必须使用大量的水资 源，然而因为使用的灌溉方法缺少合理性，大部分使用大水漫灌，造成十分严重的 水资源浪费。同时，在人民的日常生活中，因为缺少节约观念，也存在十分严重的 耗费现象，水资源并未完成最佳配置。 在人类生存与发展的过程中，水资源是必不可少的物质，人类社会在进行发展 的时候，导致水资源污染的状况越来越严重，因此淡水资源紧缺的现象日益突出。 为此，有必要不断提高对水资源的合理开发，并对水资源的污染状况良好管控，只 有这样才可以良好推动中国经济的发展，实现可持续发展。

In order to meet the requirements of advanced technical personnel training in the 21st century, in recent years, we have carried out a series of research, exploration and practice on the basic content of mechanical manufacturing, accumulated some experience and achievements, so we have compiled this book.
Manufacturing automation is one of the main goals of human beings in the long-term production and life. The concept of manufacturing automation was first proposed by American D.S. Harder in 1936. Its content only includes the handling automation of manufacturing process. After a period of research and development, manufacturing automation has realized the whole process automation from blank production to product parts. In recent 40 years, with the continuous progress of sustainable technology, especially the development of manufacturing technology, computer technology, control technology, information technology and management technology, the content of manufacturing automation technology is also constantly enriched and improved. It not only includes the traditional sense of processing automation, but also includes the operation planning, management, control and coordination of the whole manufacturing process and so on.
In addition, mechanical manufacturing automation technology is an interdisciplinary content system, which includes not only the design and manufacturing content in the mechanical field, but also the control, detection, management and information processing. At the same time, mechanical manufacturing automation technology is a developing discipline. For example, the emergence of artificial intelligence and other technologies has created a new way of combining mechanical automation technology with modern science and technology. Of course, it still needs us to continue to explore and promote the qualitative leap of mechanical automation technology on the existing basis.

前 言

为了适应 21 世纪高级工程技术人才培养的要求， 近几年来， 我们对机械制造基础内容进行了一系列的研究、探索和实践，积累了一些经验和成果，因此编写了这本书。
        制造自动化是人类在长期的生产生活中不断追求的主要目标之一。制造自动化的概念最早由美国人 D.S.Harder 于 1936 年提出，其内容仅仅包括制造过程搬运自动化。在经历了一段时间的研究和发展之后，制造自动化实现了从毛坯投入生产到产品零件全过程的自动化。近 40 年来，随着可持续技术的不断进步，尤其是制造技术、计算机技术、控制技术、信息技术和管理技术的发展，制造自动化技术的内容也在不断地丰富和完善，它不仅包括传统意义上的加工过程自动化，而且还包括对制造全过程的运行规划、管理、控制与协调化等自动化。
        另外，机械制造自动化技术是一门跨学科的内容体系，它不仅包括机械领域的设计和制造内容，而且还包括控制、检测、管理和信息处理等方面的内容，同时机械制造自动化技术又是一门不断发展的学科，例如人工智能等技术的出现为机械自动化技术创造了一种新的与现代科技相结合的方式， 当然， 这仍需要我们不断探索，在现有基础上促成机械自动化技术质的飞跃。

In the past 30 years, with the rapid development of highway transportation in China, it has made a leaping development in highway bridge and tunnel technology and has successfully found a way to grasp the decision-making power on construction. We actively absorb the advanced technology and experience of foreign countries on highway bridge and tunnel engineering, based on this, we have boldly innovateed and developed bridge and tunnel construction technology with independent property rights. Highway bridge tunnel belongs to the main or control engineering of highway construction, which involves many factors and complicated environmental conditions. In the actual construction, the construction project should adjust the construction plan according to the infrastructure terrain, environmental conditions and ecological needs, and the whole process must be coordinateed the construction management and departments. A high quality project needs the combination of “doing” and “management”. The role of modern engineering management in overall planning, coordination, coordination and connection of resources integration is becoming more and more important. “Technological progress” and “scientific management” are indispensable for the construction of high-quality, safe and efficient highway and bridge projects.
       The construction of highway bridge tunnel is the key to alleviate the current urban traffic problems and the traffic problems between cities, and the tunnel construction is the key to the highway bridge construction. Therefore, because the road bridge tunnel construction method is not perfect now, it is inevitable to encounter problems. But as long as we keep innovating and facing the difficulties, such difficulties will eventually be overcome, so as to promote the development of road and bridge construction and transportation in China.
           At present, there are problems of safety and quality management in engineering construction management in China. Due to the complex terrain in China, the construction of highway and tunnel is easy to cause permanent damage to the environment. Its impact on the environment will trigger a chain reaction, although it can achieve smooth traffic, but in the long run, it is bound to have a bad impact on the environment and increase the burden of project construction management. Therefore, the project schedule control should be realized, and the engineering technology and construction technology should be improved.

前 言

近三十年来，随着我国公路交通事业快速发展，公路桥梁隧道技术实现了跨越式发展，成功走出了一条既把握建设的自主权，我国公路桥梁隧道工程积极吸收国外的先进的技术与经验，并在此基础上，大胆的创新，发展出拥有自主产权的桥梁隧道建设技术。公路桥梁隧道属于公路建设的主要或控制性工程，其建设中涉及因素多，环境条件复杂。在实际建设中，建设项目要依据基建地形、环境条件、生态需求调整建设方案，而整个过程必然要做好建设管理，做好部门之间的协调工作，一项优质的工程需要“做”与“管”相结合。统筹、协调、配合、衔接资源整合的现代工程管理作用越来越重要，“技术进步”和“科学管理”对建成高质量、安全、高效益公路桥梁工程缺一不可。
        公路桥梁隧道施工的建设是缓解目前城市交通问题与城市之间交通问题的关键，而隧道施工又是公路桥梁建设的关键，所以在公路桥梁隧道施工方法还不太完善的今天，遇到问题是不可避免的。但只要不断创新，迎难而上，这样的困难终究会被跨越，以此促进我国道路桥梁建设交通的发展。
        目前我国工程建设管理中存在着安全及质里管理问题。而我国地形复杂，公路及隧道建设中容易对环境造成永久破坏。其对环造成的影响将引发连锁反应，虽然可以实现交通的通畅，但从长远角度看，其势必会对环境造成恶劣影响。加重工程项目建设管理的负担。因此，应实现工程进度控制，并提升工程技术技术及施工工艺。

For highway maintenance work, we should implement the policy of putting prevention first and combining prevention with control, strengthen preventive maintenance, and maintain good technical conditions of roads and roadside facilities. Meanwhile we should earnestly implement the policy of prospering transportation with science and technology, and scientifically ensuring roadway maintenance, vigorously promote and apply advanced maintenance technology, mechanical equipment and scientific management methods. During highway maintenance work, we need to pay attention to resource conservation and environmental protection, focus on the safety of maintenance operation and reduce its impact on traffic. In the entire highway work, the maintenance and technical transformation of existing highways should be the top priority.
         During the rapid development of our highway industry, people have higher expectations for the quality of highway traffic. In the construction of highway and bridge projects, it is necessary for us to take maintenance and reinforcement measures, so as to better ensure the construction quality of the project, and also maximize the safety and durability of highway engineering. In recent years, our country has increased the investment in infrastructures like highways and bridges, and also put forward higher requirements for the management level of highway and bridge construction and maintenance. The construction of highways and bridges is the foundation for promoting our country's social and economic development, and is also the key to ensuring people ' s life standard. In order to improve the highway and bridge construction level, it is necessary to strengthen construction management and maintenance, discover and solve existing problems in time, and maintain traffic safety. Based on these, this book mainly analyzes and discusses the highway bridge construction and maintenance technology.

前 言

公路养护工作应贯彻“预防为主，防治结合”的方针，加强预防性养护，保持公路及其沿线设施良好的技术状况。公路养护工作应切实贯彻“科技兴交，科学养路”的方针，大力推广和应用先进的养护技术、机械装备和科学的管理方法。公路养护工作应重视资源节约和环境保护，应注重养护生产作业安全及减少对通行车辆的影响。在整个公路工作中，应把现有公路的养护和技术改造作为首要任务。
        我国公路事业快速发展的过程中，人们对公路交通的质量要求也越来越高，在公路桥梁工程建设中，为了更好地保证工程的施工质量，还需要采取养护和加固措施来加以实现，这样也能够最大限度地提高公路工程的安全性和耐久性。近年来，我国加大了对公路、桥梁等基础设施的投资力度，也对公路桥梁施工与养护的管理水平提出了更高的要求。公路桥梁建设是推动我国社会经济发展的基础，同时也是保证人民生活质量的关键。 要想提高公路桥梁建设水平， 就需加强施工管理与养护，及时发现和解决存在的问题，维护行车安全。基于此，本书主要对公路桥梁施工、养护技术进行分析探讨。