In the process of urban development, the subway construction is developing rapidly and the subway transportation network is increasingly improved, which brings great convenience for unban commuting. In oder to solve the traffic problems comprehensively and ensure people to travel conveniently, the subway construction has become people’s first choice. The subway construction project is very dangerous, during the process, any detail will cause safety liability accidents, especially in the process of subway tunnel construction, a slight mistake will cause safety accidents.
        The traffic engineering is a key content in our country’s modernization construction, it makes people’s daily travel more convenient and it can improve people’s quality of life. Under the trend of growing urban population, the subway tunnel can ease the traffic pressure, and it is also an important symbol of a modern city. In the process of construction, the control of construction technology should be strengthened to ensure the quality of subway tunnel project, thus to improve the safety of traveling. The construction technology should be based on the requirements of the projects and the characteristics of
construction area.
        Subway has become the main public transportation system in major cities, which has many advantages, such as comfort, throughput and safety. But due to the underground environment, it needs tunnel construction, thus it has a greater construction difficulty. Especially because most subway projects located in the city center, if the construction technology is not properly selected or the operation management is not in place, it may have an impact on the ground buildings.Therefore, it is necessary to conduct a in -depth research of subway tunnel construction technology and strictly control it.

前 言

在城市发展过程中，地铁工程建设如火如荼，地铁交通网络也日趋完善，为城市通勤带来极大的便利。为了全面解决交通问题，保证人们便利出行，地铁建设成为首选。地铁项目建设危险性大，进行施工过程中，任何一个细节都会造成安全责任事故，特别是地铁隧道施工更有难点，稍有不慎就容易出现安全事故。
        交通工程是我国现代化建设中的重点内容，为人们的日常出行营造了便捷的环境，是改善人们生活质量的关键。在城市人口数量不断增加的趋势下，地铁隧道建设能够缓解交通压力，同时也是一个现代化城市的重要标志。在实际施工当中，应该加强施工技术的控制，确保地铁隧道工程的质量，提升人们出行的安全性。施工技术的选择，应该以工程项目要求和施工区域特点为依据。
        地铁现在已经成为各大城市主要公共交通体系，具有舒适性强、运载量大以及安全性高等特点。但是对其施工特点进行分析，因为多处于地下环境，需要采用隧道形式施工，具有较大的施工难度，尤其是地铁工程多处于市中心位置，如果施工技术选择不当以及操作管理不到位等，均有可能会对地面建筑产生影响，必须要对地铁隧道施工技术进行深入研究和严格及控制。

Nowadays, geothermal heating system is the most comfortable, healthy and increasingly popular heating method in the world. Compared with the traditional heating method, geothermal heating does not need to install radiators or occupy any area and has good decorative effect. Besides, it is very comfortable with warm feet and cool upper body.
         With the rapid development of global economy, energy shortage has become a global concern. China’s geothermal energy development enterprises have successfully registered the first Clean Development Mechanism project in the United Nations. The mechanism can promote China’s development and protect the interests of developing countries. After reducing the emission reduction of developed countries to developing countries, developing countries can also obtain technology and funds the international world to carry out emission reduction project efficiently. In the current environment of economic development and with the support of existing technologies, geothermal energy is abundant within the crust which can supply the needs of social development. There are a lot of geothermal fluid and geothermal energy which is now regarded as renewable energy and clean energy.
       Using geothermal energy to replace conventional energy to heat buildings has become one of the effective ways to improve the atmospheric environment. Geothermal heating station has attracted more and more attention because of its small land occupation, low operation cost, high efficiency of comprehensive utilization of resources, fast recovery of funds and minimal air pollution. Geothermal heating can not only save the coal transportation and land occupation, but also reduce the emission of a large number of harmful substances, avoid air pollution and effectively replace conventional energy. The operation cost of geothermal heating is only one fourth of that of oil-fired boiler. Its economic, social and environmental benefits are very prominent so it is particularly favored.

前 言

地热供暖系统是目前国际上最为舒适、健康并且日益普及的采暖方式。地热供暖与传统的供暖方式比较，不用安装暖气片，不占面积，装饰效果好，而且脚下暖上边凉，感觉非常舒服。
        随着全球经济快速发展，能源紧缺成为全球关注问题。我国地热能源开发企业在联合国成功注册了首个清洁发展机制项目。该机制对于我国发展而言有推动作用，机制保障了发展中国家利益。降低发达国家对发展中国家减排量，发展中国家也可以在国际世界里获得技术和资金， 有效 开展减排项目。 地热能源在当前经济发展大环境中，在现有的技术支撑下，地壳内有丰富的能源，这些能源可以供给社会发展需求。有大量的地热流体以及地热能，这是一种可再生的能源，也是洁净能源。
       地热替代常规能源对建筑物进行供暖、供热，已成为改善大气环境的有效途径之一。由于地热供热站占地面积小、运行费用低、资源综合利用收效大、资金回收快，而且对大气污染极小，受到越来越多人们的注意。地热采暖、供热不仅可节省煤炭的运输、占地，还可减少大量有害物质的排放，避免大气污染，能有效替代常规能源。地热采暖的运行成本仅相当于烧油锅炉的四分之一，其经济、社会、环境效益十分明显，因而受到特别的青睐。

As an important part of our country’s infrastructure construction projects, road and bridge projects play a crucial role in improving people’s living standards, ensuring the smooth flow of people’s travel, and promoting economic development.
       As an important part of transportation, highway bridges play an irreplaceable role in transportation. The quality of highway and bridge survey and design work directly affects the final project construction level. In order to ensure the smooth and stable development of highway and bridge projects, improve the quality of project construction, and effectively avoid problems in the process of project construction, it is necessary to strengthen the analysis of problems in the survey and design process of highway bridges before construction. We must thoroughly explore the possible risk factors in the process of project construction, give full play to the role of highway bridge survey and design work, and promote the smooth progress of the subsequent construction of highway bridges.
       Road and bridge engineering project management is a long-term task. It has its own operating system and procedures, which integrate principle, technology and flexibility. We must use the authority of the management department to implement our work. The smooth progress of a project depends to a large extent on whether the management of the project is in place. Therefore, in the management of road engineering construction projects, we must grasp the key points of work, ensure the safety of engineering construction, grasp the quality of engineering construction, and coordinate all aspects of the relationship. This is the goal of high-quality and low-cost engineering projects, which contributes to the construction of our country.

前 言

公路桥梁项目作为我国基础设施建设项目的重要组成部分，对于提高人们的生活水平，保证人们出行的畅通，促进经济的发展具有十分关键的作用。
        公路桥梁作为交通运输的重要组成部分， 在交通出行方面有着不可替代的作用。公路桥梁勘察设计工作质量直接影响最终项目建设水平，为了保证公路桥梁项目能够得以顺利稳定的开展，提高项目建设质量，有效规避项目建设过程中存在的问题，在施工之前要加强对公路桥梁勘察设计过程中的问题的分析，深入探究项目建设过程中可能存在的风险因素，充分发挥公路桥梁勘察设计工作的作用，促进公路桥梁后续建设施工的顺利进行。
        道路桥梁工程项目管理是一项长久的工作，他有自己的运作系统和程序，集原则性、技术性和灵活性于一身。运用管理部门的权威执行实施。一个工程能否顺利进行，很大程度上取决于这个工程的管理是否到位，因此，我们在道路工程建设项目管理工作中，一定要抓住工作重点，保证工程施工的安全，抓好工程施工的质量，协调好各方面的关系，是工程项目达到质量高，成本低的目标，为我国的建设事业贡献自己的力量。

本书系统阐述了水利工程建设施工与项目管理中必备的基本知识，除文字叙述外，还附有大量插图、表格和计算公式，便于理解和实际应用。主要内容包括∶水工建筑物设计、施工导疏、爆破工程、土石坝工程、基础防渗透处理及地下工程、渠系施工案例分析、施工组织设计、水利项目管理等相关知识。可作为水利水电工程施工领域的工程技术人员、项目管理人员和高级技术工人的工具书，也可供从事水利水电工程科研、设计、建设及运行管理和相关企事业单位的工程技术、工程管理人员参考书。

随着我国社会经济的决速发展和居民生活水平的不断提高，天然气作为一种节能环保的气体燃料，越来越得到广大居民的认可，更是企业发展不可缺少的能源。日益发展壮大的城市燃气行业，由于其本身点多面广，监管难度加大，其安全问题也随之加剧，如何"驯服、驾驭它"是城市管理者面临的重要课题。

安全生产是任何行业企业生存与发展的前提，尤其对干燃气特殊性行业。燃气行业的易燃、易爆、易中毒的特点突显安全了重要性。这就要求我们每一位燃气企业工作者要了解天然气的特性，充分认识燃气安全事故易发、难控、危害大的特点。安全工作是燃气行业的生命线，它不仅关系到燃气企业自身的生存发展，更关系到人们群众生命财产的安危。因此加强城市燃气安全管理，防患于未然，保证城镇的燃气管网及设备的安全运行，是每个燃气管理单位永恒的课题。

易燃、易爆、易中毒体现了燃气行业的特点，为了保障燃气工程安全，防患于未然，燃气企业必须提高认识，严格安全管理。当然，燃气的安全运行紧靠企业一己之力是不够的，需要全社会的理解和支持，需要政府及燃气企业的深入宣传，提高公众安全意识，建立有序的城市规范发展制度，从而保证燃气安全运行。