In the long historical development process of human society, fire makes human gradually get rid of cold and darkness, ignorance and barbarism. It not only brings light and warmth to human beings, but also brings disaster and pain to human beings. The harm of fire is abominable. With the development of society, science and technology are highly developed and materials are extremely rich. However, the disasters caused by fire to human beings have not been weakened, but become more and more tragic. Due to the limitation of fire protection science and technology, at present, the occurrence of fire has its absoluteness, which does not depend on people’s will. In recent years, due to people’s weak fire safety awareness and careless use of fire, or violation of fire safety management regulations in life and work, it is common that disasters occur, resulting in the loss of people’s lives and social property. This kind of loss involves not only the suffering and death of people, but also the loss of property, and sometimes even the irreparable historical wealth. Many lessons are painful.
    Fire protection safety is an important part of national economy and social development, and an important guarantee for national economic development, social security and stability and people’s living and working in peace and contentment. With the development of politics, economy, science and technology in China, especially the development of social comprehensive technology and the change of social activities caused by it, the universality and complexity of fire problems have been greatly increased. Therefore, newer, more and higher requirements are put forward for fire protection management. Building fire protection safety management is also considered as a social problem, which has caused the people who are responsible for social public safety to think deeply and pay attention to it, and become an important part of social safety management.
   Due to the limited level of the editor, omissions are inevitable. Readers are requested to make comments and corrections. 

前 言

在人类社会漫长的历史发展过程中，火使人类逐渐摆脱了寒冷和黑暗、愚昧和野蛮，它在给人类带来光明和温暖的同时，也给人类带来了灾难和痛苦。火灾的危害，令人深恶痛绝。社会发展到今天，科技高度发达，物质极大丰富，然而火对人类造成的灾难并没有减弱，反而愈加惨烈。由于消防科技水平的限制，就目前来说火灾的发生具有其绝对性，不以人们的意志为转移，近年来，由于人们的消防安全意识淡薄而用火不慎，或在生活工作中违反消防安全管理规定，导致灾害发生的状况，屡见不鲜，使人民生命和社会财产受到了损失。这种损失既涉及人们遭受的痛苦和死亡，又包括财产的损失，甚至有时还包括无法弥补的历史财富，很多教训都是惨痛的。
      消防安全工作是国民经济和社会发展的重要组成部分，是国家经济发展、社会安全稳定和人民安居乐业的重要保障。随着我国政治、经济和科学技术的发展，尤其是社会综合技术的发展以及由此所引起的社会活动方式的改变，大大增加了火灾问题的广泛性和复杂性，因而对消防管理提出了更新、更多、更高的要求。建筑消防安全管理也被认为是一个社会问题，已经引起那些对社会公共安全负有消防责任的人们的深思和重视，成为社会安全管理的重要组成部分。
      由于编者水平有限，疏漏之处在所难免，敬请读者批评指正。

Safe drinking water and good environmental sanitation are the necessary conditions for the healthy survival of human beings. With the development of our country, the problems of water supply and drainage become more and more important. 

Water supply and drainage engineering is the combination of all engineering facilities from water source to final disposal in cities or industrial enterprises. It is generally composed of water intake project, water purification project, sewage treatment project, sludge treatment and disposal project and water supply and drainage pipe network project. According to the different historical stages of engineering construction, it can be divided into new projects and reconstruction and expansion projects.
    Its construction and development is directly related to the improvement of the living standard and quality of life of urban residents and the expansion and development of industrial enterprises, but it is limited by the local natural resources, economic development level, cultural background and development history. With the acceleration of China’s urbanization and the development of industrial economy, the demand for domestic water of urban residents and industrial enterprises is increasing, and the requirements of water quality are also increasingly strict.
    However, China is a country with very poor per capita water resources. At present, the serious water pollution makes some water bodies lose their original functions and aggravate the tension of water resources. The shortage of water resources and the pollution of water environment have become one of the key factors restricting the sustainable development of human society and economy.
    Due to the limited level of the editor, omissions are inevitable. Readers are requested to make comments and corrections.

前 言

安全的饮用水和良好的环境卫生是人类健康生存的必需条件。随着我国发展的步伐逐渐加快，给水、供水和排水的问题显得越来越重要。
      供水、给水、排水工程是城市或工业企业从水源取水到最终处置的全部工程设施的组合体。一般由取水工程、净水工程、污水处理工程、污泥处理与处置工程等主要枢纽工程和给水排水管网工程组成，按照工程建设的历史阶段不同，可分为新建工程和改扩建工程。
      它的建设与发展直接关系到城市（镇）居民的生活水平、生活质量的提高与工业企业规模的扩大与发展，但是又受到当地自然资源状况、经济发展水平、文化背景与发展历史的限制。随着我国城市化步伐的加速和工业经济的发展，城市居民生活用水和工业企业用水需求量日益增加，对用水水质的要求也日益严格。
      但是，我国是一个人均水资源十分贫乏的国家，目前严重的水污染使得部分水体丧失原有的功能，更加剧了水资源的紧张状况。水资源的日趋短缺和水环境的污染已成为制约人类社会和经济可持续发展的关键因素之一。
      由于编者水平有限，疏漏之处在所难免，敬请读者批评指正。

Forestry is the main body of ecological environment, which plays an important role and significance in economic development, ecological construction and social progress. With the continuous development and reform of China’s policies and the development of global economic integration, the development of ecological economy has gradually become an important symbol of modernization. In the face of such opportunities and challenges, forestry work shoulders a more important mission. To achieve scientific development, we must take the development of forestry as a major measure. To build ecological civilization, we must take the development of forestry as an important way. To deal with climate change, we must take the development of forestry as a strategic choice. To solve the problems of agriculture, countryside and farmers, we must take the development of forestry as an important way. Therefore, it is our responsibility to comprehensively promote the development of modern forestry and accelerate the construction of ecological civilization.
    In recent decades, China’s forestry has experienced the stage of mainly wood production, and then realized the transformation to ecological construction. Nowadays, with the deepening of the understanding of forest, we are building the forest into a comprehensive functional body of complete ecological system, developed forestry industry system and advanced forest culture system. This will promote China’s forestry to a new stage of building modern forestry.
    Due to the short time and limited level, there are inevitably some mistakes and mistakes in the book. Readers can make criticism and correction.

前 言

林业是生态环境的主体，对经济的发展、生态的建设以及推动社会进步具有重要的作用和意义。随着我国政策的不断发展和改革，以及全球经济一体化的发展，生态经济的发展逐渐成为现代化建设的重要标志，面对这种机遇和挑战，林业工作肩负了更加重大的使命，实现科学发展、必须把发展林业作为重大举措；二是建设生态文明，必须把发展林业作为重要途径；三是应对气候变化，必须把发展林业作为战略选择；四是解决“三农”问题，必须把发展林业作为重要途径。因此，全面推进现代林业发展进程，加快生态文明建设，是当今时代赋予我们的责任。
      近几十年来，我国林业经历了以木材生产为主的阶段之后，又实现了向以生态建设为主的转变。如今，随着对森林认识的深化，又正在实践着将森林建设成完备的生态体系、发达的林业产业体系和先进的森林文化体系的综合功能体。这就将我国的林业推进到了建设现代林业的新阶段。
      由于时间仓促，水平有限，书中难免有不妥与错误之处，谨祈读者批评指正。

With the development of urban construction, people pay more and more attention to the environment, especially the beautification of the environment. Garden construction has become an important part of urban beautification. Garden not only plays an important role in urban landscape, but also plays an important role in ecology and leisure. More and more attention has been paid to the construction of urban gardens. Many cities have put forward the goal of building international garden cities and ecological garden cities, strengthening the landscape planning of new urban areas and green space transformation of old urban areas, and promoting the vigorous development of landscape industry. Accordingly, the social demand for landscape professionals is also increasing, especially those who know landscape planning and design, landscape engineering construction, but also green space maintenance of high skilled talents become the landscape industry in short supply. In order to meet the needs of the construction and development of various regions and cities for landscape high skilled talents, this book is specially compiled.
    The characteristics of this book are that the content is closely combined with the actual production, the theoretical basis focuses on the content required by the practical skills, and closely coordinates with the practical training projects. At the same time, it also pays attention to the introduction and training of the rapidly developing advanced technology, which has three major characteristics of strong practicability, technicality and operability. The compilation of this book has widely absorbed the opinions and suggestions of relevant experts, teachers and landscape architects. It is based on the cultivation of landscape architecture professionals with comprehensive innovation ability. The contents are carefully selected. The comprehensive and systematic scientific system of relevant knowledge and skills is considered. The theoretical depth of the textbook is appropriate, and the combination of practical experience and achievements is emphasized.

前 言

随着城市建设的发展，人们越来越重视环境，特别是环境的美化，园林建设已成为城市美化的一个重要组成部分。园林不仅在城市的景观方面发挥着重要功能，而且在生态和休闲方面也发挥着重要功能。城市园林的建设越来越受到人们重视，许多城市提出了要建设国际花园城市和生态园林城市的目标，加强了新城区的园林规划和老城区的绿地改造，促进了园林行业的蓬勃发展。与此相应，社会对园林类专业人才的需求也日益增加，特别是那些既懂得园林规划设计、又懂得园林工程施工，还能进行绿地养护的高技能人才成为园林行业的紧俏人才。为了满足各地域市建设发展对园林高技能人才的需要，特编写本书。
      本书的特点是内容紧密结合生产实际，理论基础重点突出实际技能所需要的内容， 并与实训项目密切配合， 同时也注重对当今发展迅速的先进技术的介绍和训练，具有较强的实用性、技术性和可操作性三大特点。本书编写广泛吸收了有关专家，教师及风景园林工作者的意见和建议，立足于培养具有综合创新能力的普通本科风景园林专业人才，精心选择内容，既考虑到了相关知识和技能的科学体系的全面系统性，教材理论深度合适，注重对实践经验与成就的结合。

Today’s world has entered the information age, information has become an important strategic resource, information science has become one of the most active disciplines, information technology has changed people’s life and work style, information industry has become the leading industry of national economy. It is the basis of information transmission. Communication technology has become the fastest growing and fastest-growing industry in the information industry. At present, the rapid development of personal communication system and ultra-high speed communication network has promoted the further development of information science, and has become a powerful driving force for the international community and global economy in the 21st century. The modern communication technology of digital communication, satellite communication and sensor network has developed from wired communication to wireless communication, from communication between fixed equipment to mobile communication, from wireless communication to wireless Internet, to sensor network technology. The future communication will provide people with all-round and seamless mobile access, and ultimately realize any communication at any place and at any time, so that the communication technology can adapt to the needs of the development of society, showing a lasting momentum.
    And mechanical and electrical innovation is also progressing with the development of society. Innovation is the development of inheritance. Only when we have a deep understanding of the known objects, affirm and retain the reasonable contents, we can find the contents that can not meet the needs of the reality; if we have a certain understanding of the actual needs and have not seen the objects that can meet the needs, then innovation will have a starting point. The result corresponding to the starting point is not unique, but varies from person to person. There may be differences in principle and structure. This feature provides a wide space for innovative design. Mechanical and electrical innovation tries to combine demand problem, scientific theory, reference object and method application to show the application of mechanical and electrical innovation design.

前 言

当今世界已经进入了信息时代，信息成为一种重要的战略资源，信息科学成为最为活跃的学科领域之一，信息技术改变着人们的生活和工作方式，信息产业已经成为国民经济的主导产业，作为信息传输基础的通信技术则成为信息产业中发展最为迅速，进步最快的行业。目前，个人通信系统和超高速通信网络迅猛发展，推动了信息科学的进一步发展， 并成为 21 世纪国际社会和全球经济的强大动力。 数字通信、卫星通信以及传感器网络的现代通信技术从有线通信到无线通信，从固定设备间的通信到移动通信，从无线通信到无线因特网，到传感器网络技术不断发展。未来的通信将为人们提供全方位以及无缝的移动性接入， 最终实现任何人在任何地方、任何时间进行任何方式的通信， 使得通信技术适应社会的发展需要呈.现经久不衰的势头。
      而机电创新也不断随着社会发展而进步，创新是对继承的发展，只有对已知的对象有深刻的认识，在对合理的内容予以肯定、保留的同时发现不能满足现实需求的内容；对现实的需求有一定的了解且尚未见到能满足此需求的对象，创新才有了起点。起点对应的结果不是唯一的，而是因人而异，既可能有原理上的差异，也可能有构造上的差异，这种特性为创新设计提供了宽阔的空间。机电创新力图将需求问题、科学理论、参照对象与方法运用相结合、展示机电创新设计的应用。