At present, the problem of urban road traffic congestion has become a big problem in almost all large and medium-sized cities in China. With the rapid development of China’s economy, the new pattern of modern urban and rural integration has gradually formed. It has become a reality that every family has a car. The rapid development of urban construction and vehicle ownership not only makes the road traffic congestion in big cities in China, but also causes road congestion in some counties and even some small towns. So what is the root cause of this phenomenon? Is it urban planning, or urban road design, or other reasons? As well as with the change of national policy, the development direction of construction market has also changed significantly, and transportation engineering and municipal engineering have gradually taken the leading position. At the same time, the cost control of enterprises has penetrated into the whole construction process, which indicates that enterprises need more cost personnel. Therefore, it is an urgent problem to cultivate comprehensive cost personnel who understand both construction budget and highway and municipal engineering budget.
    This book mainly introduces the problems related to urban road traffic design and cost control, hoping to play a role in attracting jade. It is expected that the defects in the design of urban road construction or reconstruction projects in China can be gradually improved in the near future, and make contributions to the smooth traffic of urban roads in China. There are also some imperfections in this book. Experts and readers are welcome to criticize them.

前 言

目前，城市道路交通拥堵问题已经成为我国几乎所有大中城市令政府头疼、百姓困扰的老大难问题。随着我国经济快速发展，城乡一体化的现代城乡新格局逐步形成，老百姓几乎每家都有汽车已经成为现实。这种城市建设和车辆拥有量的高速发展，不仅使得我国大城市的道路交通拥堵，而且连一些县城，甚至一些小镇都产生道路拥堵问题。 那么这种现象出现的根本原因是什么?是城市规划问题， 还是城市道路设计问题，或是其他原因。以及随着国家政策的改变，建筑市场的发展方向也有了重大转变，交通运输工程和市政工程逐渐取得主导地位。同时企业对成本控制已经深入到整个施工过程，这就预示着企业需要更多的造价人员。因此，培养既懂建筑预算又懂公路和市政工程预算的综合性造价人员是亟须解决的问题。
      本书主要介绍了城市道路交通设计以及造价控制相关的问题，希望能起到拋砖引玉的作用，更加期待我国广大城市道路的建设或改造工程在设计上存在的缺陷能够在不久的将来逐步得到改善，为我国城市道路交通畅通化作出贡献。本书也存在一些不完善的地方，敬请有关专家和读者指正。

Fire is one of the most common disasters that seriously endangers human life and property and directly affects social development and stability. In recent years, with the development of social and economic construction, the number of high-rise buildings is increasing. High-rise and super-high-rise building fires are common all over the world. Although these buildings are generally equipped with more advanced fire-fighting facilities, once the fire happens, people are often unprepared. On June 14, 2017, a 20 storey residential building in the west of London broke out in the early hours of the morning. The fire spread rapidly, and the whole building was instantly submerged in a raging fire. The fire brought serious casualties and property losses, which shows the great harm of the fire.
    Fire protection safety involves all walks of life and thousands of households, and is closely related to economic development, social stability and people’s living and working in peace and contentment. Only when the whole society popularizes safety regulations and scientific and technological knowledge, improves the safety awareness of the whole people, and enhances the prevention ability of the whole people, can the fire hazards be effectively prevented and reduced. Fire protection safety is a scientific, technical, mass and professional work. At the same time, it is necessary to coordinate and control the fire protection safety work of governments, organizations, enterprises and institutions. In addition to mastering the necessary knowledge of fire safety management, it is also necessary to learn and master the basic fire prevention and fire extinguishing technical knowledge such as fire combustion principle, fire risk category of materials and production technology, dangerous goods, production process, production equipment, electrical, building and fire-fighting facilities. Only by mastering these basic knowledge can we lay a foundation for the improvement of fire safety management quality and technical level, and provide specific methods and measures for solving practical problems in fire protection safety management.

With the rapid development of China’s economy and the continuous progress of science and technology, great changes have taken place in the market demand of water conservancy and hydropower projects, which poses more, newer and higher challenges to safety production. In addition, in recent years, the state has continuously strengthened the construction of safety production regulations, promulgated and revised a series of laws and regulations and technical standards, and established a series of safety production management systems. It is necessary to urge the main person in charge of water conservancy and hydropower engineering construction enterprises, project leaders and full-time safety production management personnel to update the safety production knowledge in time and improve the safety production management ability.
    Water conservancy and hydropower projects usually have the characteristics of long construction period, large investment scale, complex engineering technology, many uncertain factors in construction, and difficult construction quality control. Facing a new round of rapid development of water conservancy and hydropower projects, the quality management personnel of water conservancy and hydropower projects should have solid quality management theory and higher quality management ability. Therefore, the quality detection and control research of water conservancy and hydropower projects has become the current theme. Only by better grasping the quality of the project, can the water conservancy and hydropower project play its maximum effect, and then promote the economic and social development of our country.
    With the extensive and orderly development of assessment and training for quality inspection personnel of water conservancy and hydropower projects, the ability and quality of the majority of water conservancy and hydropower project quality inspection practitioners will continue to improve. The quality inspection of water conservancy and hydropower projects will be more standardized and healthy to promote and develop, so as to ensure the quality of water conservancy and hydropower projects, build more high-quality projects, and promote the technical progress of the industry.

前 言

随着我国经济快速发展、科学技术不断进步，水利水电工程的市场需求发生了巨大变化，对安全生产提出了更多、更新、更高的挑战，加之近年来国家不断加大了对安全生产法规的建设力度，新颁布和修订了一系列法律法规和技术标准，建立了一系列安全生产管理制度。督促水利水电工程施工企业主要负责人、项目负责人和专职安全生产管理人员及时更新安全生产知识，提高安全生产管理能力。
      水利水电工程通常具有建设周期长、投资规模大、工程技术复杂、施工中不确定性因素多、施工质量控制难度较大等特点， 面对水利水电工程新一轮的快速发展，水利水电工程质量管理人员应具备扎实的质量管理理论和更高的质量管理能力。 所以对水利水电工程的质量检测和控制研究就成为当下的主题， 只有更好地把握工程项目的质量，才能使水利水电工程发挥其最大的成效，进而促进我国的经济社会发展。       

随着水利水电工程的质量质量检测人员考核培训的广泛、有序开展，广大水利水电工程质量检测从业人员的能力与素质将不断提高，水利水电工程质量检测工作必将更加规范、健康地推进和发展，从而为保证水利水电工程质量、建设更多的优质工程、促进行业技术进步发挥巨大的作用。

The modern coal-fired boiler is an equipment which consumes a lot of energy. How to do a good job in boiler operation and energy saving is very important. This paper explores the possibility of energy-saving of coal-fired boiler from the aspects of boiler technical transformation, fuel saving control and operator management training, so as to provide reference for energy-saving operation of coal-fired boiler in actual production.
    Energy conservation and emission reduction is of great significance to the implementation of the scientific development concept, the construction of a harmonious socialist society, the improvement of people’s quality of life and the realization of sound and rapid economic and social development. The outline of China’s 11th Five Year Plan puts forward the constraint targets of reducing energy consumption per unit GDP by 20% and reducing the emission of main pollutants by 10%. The national energy conservation and emission reduction work conference clearly proposed to form a work pattern of energy conservation and emission reduction with the government as the leading role, enterprises as the main body and the whole society jointly promoting. There is a large space for energy saving of special equipment, especially for industrial boilers. Due to unreasonable structural design, uncoordinated auxiliary equipment, inconsistent coal type with design and improper operation, the energy consumption is too large. At present, the average thermal efficiency of industrial boilers in China is lower 10% ~ 15% than that in developed countries. If effective measures are taken to increase the average thermal efficiency of coal-fired industrial boilers by 10%, 60 million tons of coal can be saved every year. It is of great significance to explore the using methods of boilers and to further study the energy conservation and emission reduction of boilers for resource saving and promoting the healthy development of society.

前 言

现代的燃煤锅炉是一个能源消耗很大的设备，如何做好锅炉运行和对能源的节省，本文从锅炉的技术改造，燃料的节约控制和操作工人管理培训等方面探索了燃煤锅炉节能的可能性，为实际生产中燃煤锅炉的节能运作提供参考。
      节能减排对贯彻落实科学发展观、构建社会主义和谐社会，对提高人民生活质量、实现经济社会又好又快发展，具有极其重要而深远的意义。我国“十一五”规划《纲要》提出了“十一五”单位 GDP 能耗降低 20%、主要污染物排量减少 10%的约束性目标。全国节能减排工作会议，明确提出了要尽快形成以政府为主导、企业为主体、全社会共同推进的节能减排工作格局。特种设备节能空间很大，尤其是工业锅炉，由于结构设计不合理、辅机配套不协调、可用煤种与设计不符、运行操作不当等因素，造成能源消耗量过大。目前我国工业锅炉平均热效率与工业发达国家相比要低 10%~15%，如果采取有效措施，使燃煤工业锅炉平均实际热效率提高10%，每年可节煤 6000 万吨。可以说，探究锅炉使用方式以及深入研究锅炉节能减排对资源节约以及促进社会健康发展都具有非常重要的意义。

Since the Reform and Open-up, the process of China’s urbanization has accelerated significantly, and it has entered the takeoff line of high-speed urbanization at this stage. According to the theory of sustainable development, how to promote the process of urbanization actively and steadily is an important issue that China must face in the 21st century. The three major signs of urbanization are: the transfer of labor force from the primary industry to the secondary and tertiary industries, the increase in the proportion of urban population in the total population, and the expansion of urban land use scale. With the development of China’s urbanization, the transfer of rural population to the city will involve the withdrawal of the original rural homestead. The expansion of urban land will also lead to the reduction of cultivated land and the adjustment of rural residential land use system. China has issued the urban and rural planning law, aiming at balancing urban and rural development. The pilot cities and cities listed as the link between the increase and decrease of urban and rural construction land, have also carried out the integration of
villages, which greatly affected the farmers’ right to use homestead. As a kind of usufructuary right, can farmers’ homestead use right still be protected by law? Will urbanization be at the expense of farmers’ interests? Can we find a suitable theoretical basis for the development of urban and rural integration? Can the development of urbanization and the protection of farmers’ interests be taken into account? All these problems need to be studied deeply.
    This book systematically expounds the management and system of rural homestead. The purpose is to help farmers better understand the national policies, clarify their rights and obligations according to law, and better safeguard their land rights and interests while performing their obligations according to law.

前 言

改革开放以来，中国城市化进程明显加快，现阶段已进入高速城市化的起飞线上。如何依照可持续发展理论，积极稳妥地推进城市化进程，是 21 世纪中国必须面对的一个重大课题。城市化的三大标志是:劳动力从第一产业向第二、三产业转移，城市人口在总人口中比重上升，城市用地规模扩大。随着我国城市化的发展，农村人口向城市转移会涉及原有农村宅基地的退出问题，城市用地规模扩大也会导致耕地减少以及农村宅基地用地制度的调整。自我国出台了《城乡规划法》，旨在统筹城乡发展。被列为城乡建设用地增减挂钩的试点省市，也纷纷推行撒村并居，农民的宅基地使用权受到很大的触动。农民的宅基地使用权作为一项用益物权是否还能受到法律的保护？城市化进程是否会以牺牲农民的利益为代价？城乡统筹的发展思路是否可以找到合适的理论基础？城市化发展与农民利益保护是否可以兼顾？这些问题都有待学界进行深入研究。
        本书系统地阐述了农村宅基地的管理和制度，目的是帮助农民更好地了解国家的政策，明确自己依法享有的权益和应当承担的义务，在依法履行义务的同时，更好地依法维护自己的土地权益。