China’s petroleum enterprises have experienced a very long period of development. Under the situation of internal management and overall development, they are in a period of extensive management. With the development and establishment of modern enterprise system, oil enterprises need to do a variety of reform work in the market competition. The reform work will promote the development of oil enterprises and make a more in-depth study on business strategy. In order to find a development model in line with China’s market environment and the international market environment, and use the market operation mode to better drive the progress of oil enterprises, as a very important part of enterprise management - operation and management, is the main part of the development of oil enterprises, which has a direct impact on the survival and development of oil enterprises, in particular, the oil system has fulfilled the responsibility of ensuring national resource security, accelerated the transformation of development mode, and created a high-level, high-quality and efficient way. In the new situation of international energy companies, it is urgent to strengthen the management of oil enterprises. The analysis of business activities is an important part of business management activities, which is helpful for enterprises to further understand the business situation in the whole business management activities, find out the highlights and weaknesses in the business management activities, and improve the management level and the ability to create efficiency.
        In order to better play the role of business activity analysis, this paper starts with the basic concept of business activity analysis, focuses on the overall grasp of the business activity analysis of oil sales enterprises, explores the problems and countermeasures in the process of business management of oil enterprises, and makes the analysis extend to each link of business management, better play the business activity analysis to support decision-making and better play the important role of business activity analysis in supporting decision-making and promoting management improvement.

前 言

我国石油企业发展经历了非常漫长的时期，在企业内部管理和总体发展情况下，处在粗放型的管理时期。随着现代企业制度的发展和建立，石油企业在市场竞争情况中，需要做好多种改革工作，将改革工作促使石油企业发展，在经营战略上更加深入的研究。为了找到符合我国市场环境和国际市场环境的发展模式，使用市场经营方式更好地带动石油企业进步，作为企业管理当中非常重要的构成部分——经营管理，是石油企业发展的主要部分，直接对油田企业的生存发展有影响，尤其是石油系统在目前非常好地履行了保证国家资源安全责任，将发展方式加快转变，打造高水平、高质量、高效益的方式。在国际能源公司的新形势发展情况下，加强石油企业经营管理工作刻不容缓。开展经营活动分析是企业经营管理活动的重要组成部分，有助于企业在整个经营管理活动中进一步认识经营状况，查找经营管理活动中的亮点和短板，提升管理水平和创效能力。
       为更好地发挥经营活动分析的作用，本文从经营活动分析的基本概念入手，着重探讨石油销售企业经营活动分析的总体把握，探究石油企业经营管理过程中出现的问题以及对策，并使得分析向经营管理各环节延伸，更好地发挥经营活动分析支持决策和促进管理提升的重要作用。

The development of human economy and culture is inseparable from the construction of ecological civilization, especially the construction of ecological forestry, which is mainly based on forest or forestry. With the rapid progress of human civilization and the rapid development of industry and economy, it not only promotes the progress of human history, but also has a very serious impact on the natural environment. The most prominent performance is the current worldwide ecological crisis, as well as the resulting survival crisis and other fundamental problems. Through the construction of ecological forestry, we can fundamentally improve and solve this problem. Therefore, countries all over the world pay more and more attention to the construction of ecological forestry and promote the sustainable development of the earth. China also regards the construction of ecological forestry as an important part of national construction. At the same time, China has issued various policies to promote the sustainable development of ecological civilization, and continuously increased investment, especially in the development of ecological forestry.
     This book mainly analyzes the construction and management of forestry ecological engineering from six chapters, hoping to contribute to the promotion and development of forestry in China.

前 言

人类的各项经济、文化等发展均离不开生态文明建设，尤其是以森林或林业为主的生态林业建设。而随着人类文明的飞速进步、工业及经济的迅猛发展，在推动人类历史前进的同时，也给自然环境带来了极严重影响，最突出的表现在于当前世界范围内面临的生态危机，以及由此带来的生存危机等根本性的问题。而通过生态林业建设可以从根本上改善并解决这个问题。为此，世界各国越来越重视各国的生态林业建设，促进地球的可持续发展。我国也将生态林业建设作为国家建设的一项重要内容， 同时出台各种促进生态文明可持续发展的政策， 并不断地加大投入力度，尤其是关于生态林业发展方面。
        本书主要从六章内容对林业生态工程建设与管理进行详细的分析，希望能够有助于我国林业事业的推动与发展。

With the rapid development of China’s market economy and the promotion of China’s accession to the WTO, the construction industry is transforming from labor-intensive to technology intensive, with a large number of advanced technologies and process equipment to be adopted, many posts are becoming more and more professional, and posts with high technology content are emerging. Construction enterprises need a large number of labor-oriented talents who not only receive theoretical education in the front line of production and management, but also master skilled technology and understand management work.
     Therefore, this book will give a comprehensive overview and description of construction project management and basic construction technology, hoping to help architects and staff to reserve and learn working knowledge.

前 言

随着中国市场经济的迅速发展和加入 WTO 的带动，建筑业正从劳动密集型向技术密集型转化， 先进技术和工艺设备将大量采用， 许多岗位的专业程度越来越高，技术含量高的岗位又不断涌现，建筑企业需要大量在生产及管理第一线既受理论教育，又掌握熟练技术及了解管理工作的劳动型人才。
         因此，本书将建筑工程项目管理和基本的施工技术进行全面的概述和说明，希望能够有助于建筑师和工作人员的工作知识储备和学习。

With the rapid development of science and technology, people have higher and higher requirements for the function of buildings, and the position of intelligent building in the construction industry is more and more important. Therefore, to do a good job in the quality acceptance of intelligent building construction can play a positive role in promoting and improving the construction level of our country. The application of electrical engineering is closely related to our life, such as fire control, heating, air conditioning and so on.
      Intelligent building technology is to realize the intellectualization of our lives by means of intelligent control means. In fact, intelligent control system is a kind of technology that can realize automatic control, that is, with the help of the powerful function of computer technology, to simulate human intelligence, and in the absence of interference factors, it can realize the control and drive of intelligent machine, and send out instructions, so that it can gradually complete some more complex tasks. Computer technology can effectively control the more complex system, its working characteristics are mainly relying on high-level control instructions to complete various tasks and objectives, and on this basis, it can continue to expand its own functions, and gradually complete a variety of efficient requirements. At present, under the background of the sustainable development of China’s social economy, the speed of science and technology updating is faster and faster, and the technology is also constantly improving. For the intelligent control technology, it also creates a good development environment for it, which makes the intelligent technology develop in a more practical direction, and more modern. It combines with a number of technologies, promotes each other, develops and improves together.

前 言

随着科学技术的快速发展，人们对建筑物的功能要求越来越高，智能建筑在建筑业中的地位也越来越重要。因此，做好智能建筑工程施工的质量验收工作，对我国建筑施工水平的促进和提高能够产生积极的作用。电气工程的应用与我们生活息息相关，如消防、供暖、空调等都是电气工程带我们的红利。
       智能建筑技术则是通过借助智能控制手段实现我们生活的智能化，智能控制系统其实就是一种能够实现自动控制的技术，即借助计算机技术的强大功能，来对人类智能进行模拟，且在无干扰因素的情况下，能够实现对智能机器进行控制驱动，且发出指令，使其能够逐渐完成一些较为复杂化的任务。计算机技术能够高效地对较为复杂的系统进行精准控制，其工作特点是主要靠高层控制指令完成各项多样化的任务以及目标，且在此基础上，还能够不断拓展自身功能，逐渐完成高效能的多种要求。当前，在我国社会经济持续性发展的背景下，科技更新的速度越来越快，技术也在不断地进步，对智能控制技术而言，也为其创造了良好的发展环境，使得智能化技术朝着更加实用化的方向发展，且更加的现代化，与多项技术进行结合，相互促进，彼此之间共同发展与完善。

With the continuous progress of economy and science and technology, highway construction technology is gradually mature, more systematic and scientific. Highway engineering construction project is a one-time project, which is characterized by large scale, many variable factors, strong mobility of construction units and fierce competition in the industry. These characteristics require that the management of the project must be increased, so that highway construction enterprises can set up construction organizations, build construction teams and organize the implementation process of the project in accordance with the project management requirements; It is also necessary to ensure that the progress, quality, labor, machinery, materials, cost, safety, environment, data, completion acceptance and other aspects of the project can cooperate with each other to ensure the smooth completion of the highway project; at the same time, with the continuous emergence of new technology, new technology, new equipment and new materials, the requirements for highway engineering personnel are higher and higher. The level of management ability in the basic construction organization of highway engineering has become the key to the orderly, efficient and high-quality completion of highway engineering construction projects.
   This paper is mainly from the overview of highway engineering, through the introduction of pavement construction, subgrade construction, asphalt pavement construction, concrete pavement construction technology, to understand the development status and classification of highway construction technology. The project management of highway engineering mainly includes procurement and contract management, quality and safety management, schedule management, capital management and subcontractor management, so as to understand the composition and operation of the whole highway management system.

前 言

随着经济和科技的不断进步，公路施工技术逐渐成熟，更加系统化、科技化。公路工程施工项目属于一次性工程，其特点是规模大、变动因素多、施工单位流动性强、行业竞争激烈，这些特性要求必须加大项目的管理工作，使公路施工企业按照项目管理要求设置施工组织机构，组建施工队伍，对工程项目实施过程组织；又要保证工程进度、质量、劳动、 机械、材料、成本、安全、环境、资料、竣工验收等方面能相互协作，以保证公路工程项目顺利完成；同时，新技术、新工艺、新设备、新材料的不断涌现，对公路工程人员的要求越来越高。公路工程基层施工组织中管理能力的高低，已经成为公路工程建设项目能否有序、高效、高质量完成的关键。
      本文主要是从公路工程概述出发，通过介绍路面施工、路基施工、沥青路面施工、混凝土路面施工技术的介绍，了解关于公路施工技术的发展现状与分类。公路工程的项目管理主要包括对于采购与合同管理、质量和安全管理、进度管理、资金管理和分包商管理，了解整个公路管理系统的构成及运作。