Water is the source of life and the basis of human survival and social and economic development. However, with the rapid development of economy and the acceleration of urbanization, the increasingly serious pollution of water environment in China has seriously restricted the production, life and economic development of human beings. A series of prominent environmental problems such as water pollution and area shrinkage, eutrophication of rivers and lakes, and the degradation of ecological system, make the quantity of water resources and the quality of water environment become the key limiting factors of social and economic development in the future.
China is one of the countries with many rivers and lakes in the world. Crisscross rivers, scattered lakes, swamps and glacial snow fields on the top of mountains constitute a series of complex water systems. Because of the various and complex causes of water system formation and pollution, as well as the uneven spatial distribution of water resources and social and economic development, it brings great challenges to the
prevention and control of water pollution in China.
The State Council has issued Action Plan for Prevention and Control of Water Pollution ( hereinafter referred to as Ten Water Rules ). As a programmatic document in the field of water environment protection, Ten Water Rules defines the overall objectives, assessment indicators and key tasks of the prevention and control of water pollution in the future. At the same time, Ten Water Rules also clearly put forward “strengthen social supervision”, and the public is the core force of social supervision. Through the popularization of basic knowledge in the field of water environment protection, this book tries to spread the ideas, concepts and technologies of water environment protection in a simple and easy to form, so that the public can learn about the water environment, and then become the practitioner and supervisor of water environment protection, and effectively promote the work of water environment protection and management in China.
Due to the limited level and short time, there are inevitably some deficiencies in the
book. Readers are welcome to criticize and correct them.

前 言
水是生命之源，是人类生存和社会经济发展的基础。但是，随着经济的高速发展和城市化进程的加速，我国日趋严重的水环境污染问题对人类的生产生活和经济发展产生了严重的制约作用，水体污染与面积萎缩、河湖富营养化、生态系统退化等一系列突出环境问题的出现，使得水资源量和水环境质量成为未来社会经济发展的关键限制因素。
我国是世界上江河湖泊众多的国家之一，纵横交错河流与星罗棋布的大小湖泊、沼泽和绵亘于高山之巅的冰川雪原，共同构成了一系列复杂的水系。由于水系形成原因和污染成因多样复杂，加之水资源空间分布和社会经济发展的不均衡，给我国的水污染防治工作带来极大挑战。
国务院印发了《水污染防治行动计划》 （以下简称《水十条》 ） 。作为水环境保护领域的纲领性文件， 《水十条》明确了未来水污染防治工作的总体目标、考核指标和重点任务；同时， 《水十条》也明确提出要“加强社会监督”，而公众是社会监督的核心力量。本书通过水环境保护领域基本知识的普及，力图用浅显易懂的形式传播水环境保护的思想、理念和技术，使公众了解水环境，进而成为水环境保护工作的践行者和监督者，有效推进我国的水环境保护和治理工作。
由于水平有限和时间仓促，书中难免有不足之处，敬请读者指正。

The new curriculum attaches great importance to the all-round development of students’ quality. In mathematics teaching, we should impart knowledge to students, but more importantly, we should cultivate students’ interest in independent learning and the ability of creative thinking. In order to achieve this goal, teachers must design a scientific and effective teaching mode according to the characteristics of the subject itself and the actual situation of students’ learning, so as to stimulate students’ subjective initiative. With the development of science and technology, and the progress of society, educational theory and technology have made rapid progress. How to change the concept of teaching and change the external knowledge of mathematics into students’ own knowledge and ability is an important topic in mathematics classroom teaching. Due to the continuous improvement of social requirements for students, the mode of classroom teaching should also move towards the direction of all-round development, active thinking and active participation. Through the way of intellectual development, students can acquire knowledge, which is also an important way to continuously improve teaching means and teaching efficiency.
Imagine that if the classroom atmosphere is too serious and the classroom teaching is too rigid, the teaching is still an “authoritative” posture. If we use the way of statement to “tell” all the mathematics to the students, plus the intensive “bombing” examples and sea exercises, then our students will only “obey, imitate, remember and practice mechanically”. Then, students can’t explore, discover, reason and prove.
Bruner, a famous educator, said:“A course should not only reflect the nature of knowledge itself, but also reflect the quality of knowledge seekers themselves and the nature of the process of knowledge acquisition.” In mathematics teaching, we must face all students, pay attention to the development and improvement of students’ quality, and impart knowledge to students. But it is more important to cultivate students’ interest in independent learning and the ability of creative thinking. To achieve this goal, teachers must design a scientific and effective teaching mode according to the characteristics of the subject itself and the actual situation of students’ learning, stimulate students’ subjective initiative, make classroom teaching conducive to students’ active observation, experiment, guess, verification, reasoning, communication and other mathematical activities, and create a “people-oriented” learning environment, which is the ultimate goal of mathematics teaching reform.

前 言
新课程重视学生素质的全面发展，数学教学中要向学生传授知识，但更要培养学生独立学习的兴趣和创造性思维的能力。要达到这一目的，教师就必须针对学科本身的特点及学生学习的实际状况设计科学有效的教学模式，激发学生的主观能动性。随着科技的发展、社会的进步，教育理论和教育技术也突飞猛进。如何转变教学观念， 将数学的外在知识转变为学生自身的知识能力是数学课堂教学的重要课题。由于社会对学生的要求不断提高，课堂教学的模式也要向全面发展、活跃思维、主动参与的方向前进，通过智力发展的途径使得学生获取知识，同时这也是不断提高教学手段、提高课堂效率的重要途径。
试想，如果课堂气氛过于严肃，课堂教学过于死板，教学仍是一种“权威”的姿态，用陈述的方式向学生“讲述”所有的数学，加上密集“轰炸式”的例题、题海式练习，那么，我们的学生就只有“遵从、模仿、记忆、机械练习”，哪里还能够去探索、发现、推理、证明？
著名教育家布鲁纳说：“一门课程不但要反映知识本身的性质，还要反映求知者本身的素质和知识获得过程的性质。”在数学教学中，必须面向全体学生，重视
学生素质的发展与提高，要向学生传授知识。但更要培养学生独立学习的兴趣和创造性思维的能力，要达到这一目的，教师就必须针对学科本身的特点及学生学的实际状况设计科学有效的教学模式，激发学生的主观能动性，使得课堂教学能够有利于学生主动地进行观察、实验、猜想、验证、推理、交流等数学活动，创设一种“以人为本”的学习环境，这才是数学教学改革的最终目的。

With the improvement of living standards, people are more and more aware of the importance of the natural ecological environment. After solving the problem of living, people begin to pay more and more attention to the surrounding living environment and have higher and higher requirements on the cultural quality of the living city. More people began to pay attention to the development of tourism and urban greening, and the design and construction projects of garden landscapes in urban and rural areas across the country are increasing. This article is mainly let people understand the importance of garden construction by the introduction of the related contents of the garden landscape, which gives us beauty while facilitating our lives.
    This study introduces landscape architecture and explains the characteristics of landscape design. By comparing the development of garden design at home and abroad, this paper analyzes the characteristics and development of various garden designs, and introduces the design concepts and methods of ground, mountain, stone, plants, waterscape and landscape sketches in garden landscapes. Through the analysis of the types of garden landscape design, this paper studies the design of urban parks, urban squares, courtyards, and so on. This article introduces garden planting to let readers know about the systematic construction process of planting plants and further analyzes the related contents of earthwork construction and water supply and drainage engineering in garden construction. At the same time, this article introduces the types of garden sketches and construction projects. It shows the main contents and methods of garden landscape engineering through various projects in the construction process of garden rockery and garden road pavement projects. Landscape engineering is still a new content in China, which has considerable development prospects.

前言

随着生活水平的提高，人们越来越意识到自然生态环境的重要，在解决了居住问题的情况下，人们开始越来越重视周围的生活环境，对生活城市的文化品质要求越来越高。更多的人开始关注旅游观光和城市绿化的发展，全国城乡各地的园林景观设计施工项目日益增多。本文章主要是通过对园林景观相关内容的介绍，我们可以了解到园林建设的重要性，它在给我们美的同时，方便了我们的生活。
       本研究主要包含对园林景观进行介绍，讲解园林设计的特征，通过国内外园林设计发展的对比，来分析各种园林设计的特点和发展情况。介绍园林景观中地面、山石、植物、水景和景观小品的设计理念和方法。通过对园林景观设计的类型的分析，对城市公园、城市广场、庭院等设计进行研究。通过对园林种植物的介绍来让大家了解一下植物种植的系统施工过程。进一步分析园林建设中的土方施工和给排水工程的相关内容，同时，介绍园林小品的种类和施工的项目。我们通过对园林假山和园路铺装工程施工过程中各种项目，来为大家展示林园景观工程的主要内容和方法。园林工程在我国仍是一种新的内容，具有相当大的发展前景。

Municipal engineering refers to the construction of municipal facilities. Municipal facilities refer to various buildings, structures, and equipment that are set up within the planning and construction scope of urban areas and towns (townships) to provide residents with paid or unpaid public products and services based on the responsibilities and obligations of the government. Municipal works mainly includes: urban public utilities such as urban roads, bridges, water supply and drainage, sewage treatment, urban flood control, gardens, road greening, street lamps, and environmental sanitation. The project management of China’s municipal engineering has gone through more than 20 years, and a project management mechanism with modern management significance has been formed. However, there are still many problems and deficiencies, especially in the context of the gradual improvement of China’s market economy in recent years, it is necessary to constantly innovate and explore the construction management mode of modern construction engineering projects with Chinese characteristics to meet the needs of the development of the market economy.
This book is mainly described in two parts. The first part mainly explains the construction technology of road engineering, and the second part mainly explains municipal engineering projects management, hoping to help the work of related staff.

前 言
市政工程是指市政设施建设工程，市政设施是指在城市区、镇（乡）规划建设范围内设置、基于政府责任和义务为居民提供有偿或无偿公共产品和服务的各种建筑物、构筑物、设备等。市政主要包括城市道路、桥梁、给排水、污水处理、城市防洪、园林、道路绿化、路灯、环境卫生等城市公用事业工程。我国市政工程的项目管理已走过了二十几年的历程，形成了具有现代管理意义的项目管理机制，但还存在很多问题和不足，特别是在近几年我国市场经济逐步完善的情况下，更需要不断创新，探索有中国特色的现代建设工程项目施工管理模式，以适应市场经济发展的需要。
本书主要从两篇内容进行叙述，上篇主要对道路工程类的施工技术进行阐述，下篇主要对市政工程项目管理进行说明，希望能够有助于相关工作人员的工作进行和开展。

With the continuous progress of society, cities are self-contained in political economy and cultural transportation, but they are not independent of each other, and there is a close relationship between them. Municipal engineering plays an important role in the regulation. The main task of municipal engineering is to make full use of the available planes and spaces according to the overall layout of the city, and to consider the greening public facilities of the garden, so as to speed up urban development, reduce investment, and improve the city’s overall competitiveness. The construction of municipal roads is an important part of municipal engineering, and drainage engineering is the top priority. Therefore, in municipal roads, the work of water supply and drainage engineering is very important. At the same time, there are many problems that need to be solved, which need the joint efforts of professionals.
This book is divided into nine chapters to elaborate and analyze municipal roads and water supply and drainage engineering in a comprehensive manner, to solve the problems raised, and hope that it can be used to help the project development of related staff.

前 言
伴随着社会的不断进步，城市在政治经济方面和文化交通等方面都自成体系，但也不是相互独立的，他们之间有密切的联系。而市政工程在其中起着重要的调节作用，市政工程的主要任务就是根据城市的总体布局，将所拥有的平面以及空间充分地利用起来，把园林的绿化公共设施也考虑进来，加快城市发展的步伐，减少投资，提高城市的综合竞争力。市政道路的建设是市政工程的重要组成部分，而其中的排水工程更是重中之重。因此在市政道路中，给排水工程的工作是非常重要的，同时，需要解决的问题也很多，需要专业人员共同努力解决这些问题。
本书分九章内容对市政道路与给排水工程进行详细全面地阐述与分析，对提出的问题进行解决，希望能用对相关工作人员的项目开展有一定的帮助。