The formwork and supporting system must meet the following requirements: to ensure the accuracy of the shape, size and mutual position of the structure and components, to have sufficient bearing capacity, stiffness and stability, to make the structure as simple as possible, easy to install and dismantle, and to be used repeatedly, to make the joints tight without leakage; to make the material selection of the formwork economical and applicable, and to reduce the construction cost of the formwork as much as possible. Wood formwork was first used as a formwork engineering material. The main advantage of the small formwork is that it can be assembled freely, and it is especially suitable for pouring concrete structures or components with complex shapes and few quantities. Since the technical policy of “replacing wood with steel” was put forward in 1970s, China’s formwork technology has formed three series of industrialized formwork systems of modular, instrumental, and permanent.

Prefabricated reinforced concrete frame structure is one of the common structures of multi-storey factory buildings and civil buildings. This kind of prefabricated building is composed of reinforced concrete prefabricated components to form the main skeleton structure, and then assembled with fixed assembly parts, which are divided into maintenance, separation, decoration and equipment installation. The prefabricated frame structure mainly has two structural forms: beam plate structure and non beam structure. The beam-slab structure is composed of columns, beams (including primary beams and

secondary beams) and floor slabs. The non beam structure is composed of columns, column caps and slabs, which are mostly constructed by lifting slab method. Assembly buildings have a long history in China. After all, Chinese traditional buildings are basically wooden structures. From the slave society, China has had wooden structures, and wooden structures are the original origins of prefabricated buildings. The construction of Chinese wooden structures is divided into component manufacturing sites (factories) and building assembly sites (work sites). All building components are manufactured in the factory. The manufactured components are columns, beams, sparrows (short beams and decorative beams), bucket arches (longitudinal beam connectors), partitions (doors, windows, walls), thresholds (upper threshold , middle threshold, lower threshold), collars, eaves and cornices, railings, abutments. When the components are completed, they will be transported to the construction site for assembly.

前 言

模板及支承系统必须符合以下规定：要能保证结构和构件的形状、尺寸以及相互位置的准确；具有足够的承载能力、刚度和稳定性；构造力求简单，装拆方便，能多次周转使用；接缝要严密不漏浆；模板选材要经济适用，尽可能降低模板的施工费用。木模板最早被人们用作为模板工程材料。木模板的主要优点是制作拼装随意，尤其适用于浇筑外形复杂、数量不多的混凝土结构或构件。我国的模板技术，自从 20 世纪 70 年代提出“以钢代木”的技术政策以来，已形成组合式、工具化、永久式三大系列工业化模板体系。

装配式钢筋混凝土框架结构是多层厂房与民用建筑常用结构之一，这类装配式建筑是以钢筋混凝土预制构件组成主体骨架结构，再用定型装配件装配，分为维护、分隔、装修、装饰以及设备安装等部分。装配式框架结构主要有梁板式和无梁式两种结构形式，梁板式结构由柱、梁（包括主梁、次梁）及楼板组成；无梁式结构由柱、柱帽、板组成，这种结构大多采用升板法施工。

装配建筑在中国源远流长，追根溯源，中国传统建筑基本是木结构建筑，从奴隶社会开始中国就有了木结构建筑，而木结构建筑就是装配式建筑的原始起源建筑。中国木结构建筑建造时分为构件制作场地（工厂）、建筑装配场地（工地）。所有建筑构件都在工厂制作，制作的构件有柱、枋（梁）、雀枋（短梁和装饰梁）、斗拱（纵向梁连接件）、隔扇（门、窗、墙）、门槛（上门槛、中门槛、下门槛）、领子、檐和飞檐、栏杆、台基。当构件制作完成后，将构件运到施工现场进行装配。

With the rapid development of China’s construction industry, people pay attention to the quality management and safety work of construction projects. At present, there are still some problems in the construction project management, such as the management market is not standardized, there are many factors affecting the construction quality, which seriously affect the quality and safety of the construction. For example, the large difference of construction materials, the change of construction environment and the wear of construction machinery will cause some quality problems and safety accidents in construction. Therefore, strengthening construction management, improving construction quality and progress, reducing construction cost and ensuring personal safety become the primary task of construction enterprises.

As an important part of construction project management, project cost management runs through the whole construction process, and is a dynamic, complex and comprehensive management activity. With the development of socialist market economy, construction enterprises need to strengthen the management of project cost in order to obtain greater economic benefits. But in real life, there are some problems in project cost management. Therefore, in the new era, it is an important and urgent task for people to strengthen the research on the project cost management and its existing problems.

This book will briefly discuss earthwork, foundation and foundation engineering, masonry engineering, reinforced concrete engineering, prestressed concrete engineering, structural hoisting engineering, steel structure engineering, waterproof engineering, decoration engineering, winter and rain construction, introduction to engineering cost, principle of construction engineering quota, preparation and determination of construction engineering cost, etc.

前 言

随着我国建筑业的飞速发展，建筑工程质量管理和安全工作引起了人们的关注。目前在建筑工程管理中仍存在着管理市场不规范，建筑建设质量影响因素较多等问题，严重影响到建筑的质量和安全。例如，施工材料差异大、施工环境变化多以及施工机械磨损问题等，将会引起建筑工程施工中的一些质量问题和安全事故。为此，加强建筑工程施工管理，提高建筑的质量与进度，降低施工成本，确保人身的安全成为施工企业首要的任务。

工程造价管理作为建筑工程管理中的重要环节，其贯穿于整个建筑工程的建设过程，是一项具有动态性、复杂性、综合性特性的管理活动。随着社会主义市场经济的发展，建筑工程的施工企业要想获得更大的经济利益，需要强化对工程造价的管理。但在现实生活中，工程造价管理存在着一些问题。因此，在新时期加强对工程造价管理与其存在问题的研究，是当前摆在人们面前的一项重大而又紧迫的任务。

本书将对土方工程、地基与基础工程、砌体工程、钢筋混凝土工程、预应力混凝土工程、结构吊装工程、钢结构工程、防水工程、装饰装修工程、冬期与雨期施工、工程造价概论、建筑工程定额原理、建筑工程造价的编制与确定等进行简要的论述。

With the continuous development of society, the demand of highway construction in our country is also increasing. In order to promote the development of highway construction and the level of construction department, we have compiled a book Research on Highway Maintenance Technology and Project Management aiming at the development situation, development trend and sustainable use of highway in recent years, which is comprehensive and systematic. This paper summarizes the development prospect, highway maintenance and engineering project formulation and implementation of China’s expressway, and provides scientific basis for the development and construction of China’s expressway.

This book mainly describes the development of expressway in recent years, the overview of classification and technology of the highway, the detailed investigation and evaluation of the performance of the pavement asphalt roads, the in-depth discussion on the maintenance methods and maintenance decision-making for the long-term use of the expressway, the importance of improving the key technical level of road maintenance in China for the maintenance and long-term use of the highway, the formulation of a series of highway engineering projects, the rational design of highway construction scheme, the detailed research on the production factors of the project, the evaluation, formulation and feasibility study of construction projects. It also says that the preparation of the project proposal plays an important role in the improvement of the project, and the cost management of the project plays a supporting role in the project initiation and the construction stage.

前 言

随着社会进步的不断发展，我国公路建设的需求也在日益增加，为了促进我国公路建设的发展以及施工部门的水平提升，我们针对我国近年来高速公路的发展情况、发展趋势与公路持续性使用等问题，编写了《高速公路养护技术与工程项目管理研究》一书，全面系统的概述了我国高速公路的发展前景、公路养护以及工程项目制定与实施等问题，为我国高速公路的发展建设提供科学依据。

本书主要讲述：我国近年来高速公路的发展概况以及公路的分类与技术概述；详细调查与评价沥青公路路面的使用性能；针对高速公路长期使用的养护方法与养护决策进行深入探讨；我国道路维修的关键性技术水平提高对公路维护以及长期使用的重要性；制定一系列的公路工程项目，合理设计公路施工方案；针对工程项目生产要素进行详细研究；施工项目的评估、制定与可行性研究、项目建议书的编制对于工程项目的完善有重要作用；工程的造价管理在工程立项与施工阶段有着保障作用。

With the sustained and rapid development of China’s economy, the status and role of construction industry in the national economy is more prominent. Nowadays, the construction industry has been internationalized. No matter the materials, technologies, tools, specifications or even the signing of contracts, they should keep up with the trend of the times. With the development of the times, there is no doubt that the technicians in the field of construction have to learn and charge to be competent for the constantly changing technical work.

In the same way, it has been proved that those who master advanced science and technology and have a large number of skilled and skilled talents will be invincible in the fierce market competition. Unfortunately, skilled talents have become the bottleneck restricting the rapid development of our country, and senior blue collar workers have broken down. According to statistics, only 35% of skilled workers in China are senior workers, which is far from developed countries. With the vigorous implementation of green environmental awareness, green building construction has also been put on the agenda, which requires a higher quality and more accurate technical personnel to complete every link of the project construction. 

In the education of civil engineering, project management is the necessary basic knowledge for the managers engaged in civil engineering, and it is a compulsory course for the students majoring in engineering management in colleges and universities. The project management is carried out smoothly around the project objectives. Its purpose is to achieve the best results in cost, quality, duration and other aspects of the project through scientific management methods. A high level of management can bring good economic benefits to the project and successfully achieve the project objectives. The purpose of this book is to provide basic and practical teaching materials for students majoring in engineering management, help them learn the knowledge of construction project management, master the theory and method of project management, and cultivate their preliminary ability of project management in construction enterprises.

前 言

随着我国经济持续快速地发展，建筑业在国民经济中的地位和作用更加突出。如今，建筑业已走向国际化，无论料、技术、工具、规范，甚至合同的签订均要跟上时代的潮流。与时俱进，毋庸置疑，从事建筑领域的技术人员不得不进行学习和充电，才能胜任不断变化的技术工作。

同样，事实也证明，谁掌握了先进的科学技术并拥有大量技术娴熟、手艺高超的技能人才，谁就能在激烈的市场竞争中立于不败之地。可惜的是，技能人才已成为制约我国快速发展的瓶颈，高级蓝领出现了断层。据统计，我国技能工人中高级工只占 35%，与发达国家相比相差甚远。且随着绿色环保意识的大力推行，绿色建筑施工也被提上日程，这就要求在项目建设的每一个环节由素质更高更精准的技术人才来成。

在土木工程专业教育当中，工程项目管理是从事土木工程的管理人员必备的基础知识，是高等院校工程管理专业学生的必修课。工程项目管理是围绕工程项目目标顺利实施进行的，其目的是通过科学的管理方法，使工程项目成本、质量、工期三大目标及其他方面均取得最佳效果。较高的管理水平可以为项目带来良好的经济效益，顺利完成项目标。本书旨在为工程管理专业学生提供基础性和实用性相结合的教材， 帮助学生学习建设工程项目管理知识， 掌握工程项目管理的理论和方法，培养学生进行施工企业项目管理的初步能力。

Real estate construction and consumption, especially housing construction and consumption, has become a new economic growth point. Real estate holding and accelerating the cultivation and development of the housing rental market have become important aspects of the development of the real estate industry. The implementation of the housing system of rent and purchase simultaneously has become an important aspect of the housing policy, which is inseparable from the large amount of capital investment and related risk protection. As a result, the relationship between the real estate industry and the financial industry is getting closer and closer. Real estate finance is a branch of economics, which is a marginal discipline between real estate economics, money and banking, insurance and economic law. It is developed based on the basic theories and methods of these disciplines, and is a discipline that systematically discusses the theories and methods of real estate financial activities.
This article demonstrates the relationship between the real estate economics and management from multiple perspectives. First, the concept of real estate is explored. Second, the two most critical factors that affect the real estate economy—location and land rent are outlined.Then, it analyzes the actual factors that promote the development of the real estate economy; discusses in detail the investment behavior of the real estate. Furthermore, it fully analyzes the co-integration relationship of the development of the
real estate market, contrastive analyzes the planning and utilization of real estate and urban land deepen and clarifies the real estate property rights relationship, discusses the possibility of the existence of real estate market risks and the possibility of its management, and looking for effective measures for real estate low-carbon and low-carbon management.

前 言

房产建设和消费尤其是住房的建设和消费已经成为新的经济增长点，房地产持有和加快培育、发展住房租赁市场成为房地产行业发展的重要方面，租购并举的住房制度的实施成为住房政策的重要方面，而这些都离不开大量的资金投入和相关的风险保障，房地产业与金融业的关系因而越来越密切。房地产金融学是经济学科的一个分支，是一门介于房地产经济学、货币银行学、保险学和经济法学等学科之间的边缘学科。它是在这些学科的基本理论、基本方法的基础上发展起来的，是系统论述房地产金融活动的理论和方法的学科。
本文从多个角度论证了房地产经济与管理之间的关系：首先，对房地产相关概念展开探究；其次，将影响房地产经济最关键的两个因素——区位与地租，展开了相关内容的概述；再从促进房地产经济发展的现实因素等环节展开分析，对房地产的投资行为等内容展开了详细的讨论；再者，对房地产市场发展的协整关系进行了充分分析；对房地产用地及其城镇土地用地的规划利用展开对照分析；对房地产产权关系进行深化与明确，探讨房地产市场风险存在的可能性及其风险管理的可能性展开分析；寻找房地产低碳与低碳管理的有效措施。