The fundamental purpose of project management is to meet or exceed the requirements and expectations of all parties concerned. Different stakeholders of the project have different requirements and expectations for the project. For example, the owner wants to obtain the maximum profit with the minimum investment, the contractor expects to obtain the maximum profit with the minimum cost and requires to expand employment and improve social benefits and etc. The fundamental purpose of project management is to maximize the project objectives and overall benefits, and to meet and even exceed these different requirements and expectations to the maximum extent.

The construction cost of construction project refers to the monetary form of the transfer value of the means of production consumed by the construction enterprise in the process of taking the project as the cost accounting object and the value created by the necessary labor of the workers. It is the sum of all production costs incurred in the construction of a project, including the amortization or rental cost of the main and auxiliary materials, components and parts, turnover materials, construction machinery shift or rental cost, wages and bonuses paid to the production workers, and all expenses incurred by the project management department (or branches, engineering offices) for organizing and managing the construction of the project.

The cost management of construction project is based on the overall goal of construction enterprises and specific requirements of the project. During the implementation of the project, the project cost is effectively controlled and other management activities, so as to achieve the purpose of strengthening the management, improving the cost management system, improving the cost accounting level, reducing the project cost and creating good economic benefits. Strengthening the cost management of engineering projects is the only way for construction enterprises to accumulate financial resources and enhance their competitiveness.

前 言

项目管理的根本目的是满足或超越项目有关各方对项目的要求与期望。项目的不同利益相关者对项目有着完全不同的要求和期望。如业主要求以最小的投资获得最大的收益，承包商期望以最小的成本获得最大的利润，要求扩大就业和提高社会效益等。项目管理的根本目的是要努力实现项目目标和项目总体效益最大化，并最大限度地满足这些不同的要求和期望，甚至超越这些要求和期望。

建筑工程施工项目成本是指建筑企业以项目作为成本核算对象的施工过程中，所耗费的生产资料转移价值和劳动者必要劳动所创造价值的货币形式。它是某项目在施工中所发生的全部生产费用的总和，包括所消耗的主、辅材料，构配件，周转材料的摊销费或租赁费，施工机械的台班费或租赁费，支付给生产工人的工资、奖金以及项目经理部（或分公司、工程处）为组织和管理工程施工所发生的全部费用支出。

建筑工程施工项目成本管理是根据建筑企业的总体目标和工程项目的具体要求，在工程项目实施过程中，对工程项目成本进行有效的控制等管理活动，以达到强化经营管理，完善成本管理制度，提高成本核算水平，降低工程成本，创造良好经济效益的目的。加强工程项目成本管理是施工企业积蓄财力，增强企业竞争力的必由之路。

As a special commodity, the quality of construction products has always been concerned by people. With the development of the society and the progress of the times, people’s demand and expectation for the construction engineering are higher and higher. Therefore, the State formulates and modifies and improves the current codes, regulations and application standards from design to construction, building materials, project quality supervision and supervision, and various local and industry also formulates corresponding codes and specifications, which provides a reliable guarantee for standardizing construction market behavior and controlling project quality. 

Construction quality and inspection is a very important work in project management, is the lifeline of construction enterprises, and is related to the survival and development of enterprises. This book fully responds to the call of “high quality development” of the country, adheres to the compilation principle of “clear goal, appropriate system, innovative content, concise and comprehensive”, and is compiled by organizing in-depth study and understanding of current specifications, procedures and standards on the basis of earnestly summarizing many years of engineering practice experience.

This book follows the development of the times, and it is close to the engineering practice. It strives to be fully based and concise. It summarizes problems in concise and popular language, and tries to avoid blindly piling up theoretical articles and simply quoting normative items. This book is written in combination with the standards, quality and safety analysis and prevention and control measures are carried out around the relevant standards; combined with the reform and development trend of the engineering construction industry, it enables readers to understand the new trend, new technology and new requirements of the quality and safety management of construction projects, and constantly broaden their knowledge.

In the process of compiling this book, we have referred to a large number of documents, and hereby we sincerely thank the relevant authors. The references are listed at the end of the book. Due to the limited level of editors and the rush of time, there are inevitably omissions and irregularities in the book. Readers are welcome to criticize and correct them.

前 言

建筑产品作为一种特殊商品，其产品质量历来受到人们的关注。随着社会的发展和时代的进步，人们对建筑工程的需求和期望越来越高。为此，国家制定和修改、提高现行的从设计到施工、建筑材料、工程质量监理、监督的规范、规程和应用标准，各地方和行业也制定相应的规程和规范，对规范建筑市场行为、控制工程质量提供了可靠的保证。

建筑工程施工质量与检测是项目管理中十分重要的工作，是建筑企业的生命线，关系企业的生存与发展。本书充分响应国家“高质量发展”的号召，坚持“目标明确、体系合适、内容创新、言简意赅”的编写原则，在认真总结多年工程实践经验的基础上，深入学习和理解现行各种规范、规程和标准组织编写而成。

本书紧跟时代发展，贴近工程实践，内容力求依据充分，简明扼要，以精练通俗的语言总结问题，尽量避免盲目堆砌理论性的条文和简单引用规范的条目。本书编写结合规范标准，质量与安全分析和防控措施都围绕相关规范标准展开;结合工程建设行业改革发展趋势，让读者了解建筑工程质量与安全管理的新趋势、新技术、新要求，不断开阔知识面。

本书在编写过程中参考了大量的文献资料，在此对相关作者致以诚挚的谢意，参考文献列于书末。由于编者水平有限，加之时间仓促，书中难免存在疏漏与不妥之处，敬请读者批评指正。

Building engineering construction and quality and safety supervision are of vital importance to the development of enterprises. As the trend of economic globalization intensifies, the world economy gradually connected into a whole. The competitiveness of the world market gradually increases, and construction companies are also facing more intense competitive environment. If companies want to stand out from the competition, it must improve quality and efficiency, especially quality is a business card of the company, the quality of which will have a huge impact on the company.

This article makes a detailed study of construction quality and safety supervision from various perspectives. First, it explains the relevant infrastructure of construction engineering, and analyzes the main links involved in the foundation construction process such as pile foundation construction, foundation trench construction, foundation pit support construction, underground structure construction and so on. Furthermore, it analyzes the basic concepts and knowledge of construction engineering quality management, classifies and discusses effective quality control measures in the construction process; analyzes the safety production and management technology involved in the construction process, inspection and assessment of commonly used building materials, quality acceptance and damage assessment of housing construction engineering.

前 言

建筑工程施工与质量安全监督对企业的发展具有至关重要的作用，随着经济全球化的趋势愈演愈烈，世界经济逐渐连接成整体，世界市场的竞争性逐渐增强，建筑企业也面对着更加强烈的竞争环境，而企业想要在竞争中脱颖而出，必须以质量和效率提升，尤其是质量是一个企业的名片，其质量的高低将会对企业产生巨大的影响。

本文从多个角度对建筑工程施工质量与安全监督做详细地研究，包含对于建筑工程施工的相关基础设施进行阐释；对基础施工过程中所涉及的主要环节如桩基础施工、基槽施工、基坑支护施工、地下结构施工等内容展开分析；对建筑工程质量管理的基本理念与知识进行分析，对建筑施工过程中的有效质量控制措施进行分类讨论；对建筑施工过程中所涉及到的安全生产技术进行分析；建筑施工过程中所涉及到的安全生产管理技术；常用建筑材料检验与评定；房屋建筑工程质量验收与损伤评定等。

In recent years, data statistics show that in 20 industries of the national economy, the construction industry has always been among the top, accounting for 5.4% of China’s GDP. From the historical data, the added value of the construction industry has developed from 13.82 billion RMB in 1978 to 1013.4 billion RMB in 2005, with an average annual growth of 17%. It has become an important pillar industry in the national economy. In addition to the short-term fluctuation in the early 1990s, the added value of construction industry has maintained a share of about 5%-6% of GDP, and the position of pillar industry is very stable. In addition, the construction industry also creates about 30 billion dollars of foreign exchange income for the country every year, which is an important force in China’s foreign trade and economic cooperation. As a pillar industry, the position of the construction industry has been continuously strengthened. Due to its huge absorption of rural surplus labor, it has already become the key point to social and economic stability in the process of industrialization and urbanization in China. However, behind the rapid growth, due to the unscientific decision-making of engineering projects, unreasonable engineering design, and poor engineering management, the investment scale of many projects is out of control and the construction quality is not stable. There is a huge waste of investment. There are “uncompleted projects” and “three excess projects” in construction projects, which seriously affect the implementation of national plans and financial budgets, and interfere with the normal economic order in the field of engineering construction. The above facts show that there are problems in the current construction management of construction projects in China, especially the cost management mode which plays an important role in the project management, has been difficult to meet the need of the current project cost management. In a sense, defects in the theory and method of project cost management are the root of the endless problems in project management. There is an urgent need to establish a scientific and standardized management system and operation mechanism of engineering construction industry, as well as a scientific and standardized management system and operation mechanism of engineering cost.

This book deeply analyzes the construction technology of each process and each stage of the construction engineering, comprehensively interprets the progress, quality, safety, cost control and management of the construction industry, and discusses the cost budget of the construction combining with the project cost, so as to provide the theoretical basis for the technical support and management practice of the construction industry.

前 言

近几年，数据统计显示，在国民经济20 个行业中，建筑业始终名列前茅，占我国国内生产总值的5.4%。从历史数据看，建筑业增加值从1978 年的138.2 亿元发展到2005 年10134 亿元，年均增长17%，业已成为国民经济中重要的支柱产业。除了 90 年代初有短期的波动外，建筑施工业增加值在国内生产总值中一直保持着5%～6%左右的份额，支柱产业的地位十分稳固。此外，施工业还每年为国家创造300 亿美元左右的外汇收入，是我国对外贸易和经济合作的一支重要力量。作为支柱产业的建筑施工业，在我国工业化和城市化进程中，不仅地位不断增强，更因其对农村剩余劳动力巨大的吸纳作用，使其已成为社会经济稳定的关键。但在高速增长的背后，由于工程项目决策不科学，工程设计不合理，工程管理跟不上，而导致诸多工程的投资规模失控、施工质量不稳定，造成了投资的巨大浪费。在建设项目中普遍存在着“烂尾工程”和“三超工程”，严重影响国家计划、财政预算的执行，干扰工程建设领域的正常经济秩序。上述事实说明，我国现有建筑工程施工管理中存在问题，尤其是在工程管理中起重要作用的造价管理模式已经难以满足现阶段工程造价管理的需要了。从某种意义上讲，目前工程造价管理理论和方法上的缺陷是导致工程管理问题层出不穷的根源。现实迫切需要建立起我国科学规范的工程建筑业管理体制和运行机制，科学规范的工程造价管理体制和运行机制。

本书深入剖析建筑工程各工艺、各阶段施工技术，全面解读建筑施工业进度、质量、安全、成本控制与管理，并结合工程造价对建筑施工的成本预算问题进行探讨，为建筑施工行业技术支持与管理实践提供可参考的理论依据。

With the progress of the times and the rapid development of the social economy, the country has gradually become stronger, the research on electrical engineering has become more and more in-depth, the application of electrical automation and intelligence is more and more extensive, and the control and management of electrical systems and equipment are also more and more important. With the continuous development of electrical automation technology, there are more and more professional requirements for staff in the process of electrical equipment and system management. Employees in the electrical automation industry must learn and train more professionally and systematically to enrich the knowledge system and adapt to the progress and development of society. We must demand ourselves with higher standards, make our own contributions to the development of the entire electrical automation technology, and contribute to the construction of the
motherland.
This article mainly starts with the general knowledge of electrical engineering and automation, and makes a comprehensive explanation of electrical engineering automation and the management of power equipment, including theoretical knowledge of electrical automation control; the extensive application in industry, power, aerospace and military in real life; contract control, quality management and control of power equipment supervision and manufacturing; establishment and requirements of management system for power equipment supervision and manufacturing. I hope that through reading and studying the relevant content of this book, I can help the staff at all levels in the electrical automation industry to a certain extent, and make our own contributions to further achieve the goal of changing the motherland from a “manufacturing country” to a “manufacturing power".

前 言

随着时代的进步和社会经济的飞速发展，国家也逐渐强大起来，对于电气工程的研究也越来越深入，电气自动化、智能化的运用越来越广泛，对于电气系统和设备的控制管理也越来越重要。而随着电气自动化技术的不断发展，在电气设备和系统管理过程中对工作人员技术专业性的要求也越来越多，电气自动化行业的从业人员必须通过更加专业化、系统化地学习培训，来充实自己的知识体系，适应社会的进步和发展，要以较高的标准要求自己，为整个电气自动化技术的发展做出自己的贡献，为祖国的建设添砖加瓦。

本文主要从电气工程及其自动化的常识知识入手，对电气工程自动化以及电力设备的管理做了全方面的阐述，主要包括电气自动化控制的理论知识；在现实生活中工业、电力、航天、军事方面的广泛应用；电力设备监造方面的合同把控、质量管理和控制；电力设备监造的管理体系的建立和要求。希望通过阅读与学习本书的相关内容，能够对电气自动化行业中各个层次的工作人员起到一定的帮助，更进一步为完成祖国从“制造业大国”到“制造业强国”这一转变目标的实现贡献一份自己的力量。