In recent years, with the rapid development of China’s urbanization and the continuous improvement of people’s living standards, people’s life style and residential demand have gradually developed from “quantity” to “quality”, and the construction of urban communities is moving towards diversified and compound development. Under the background of large-scale commercial housing development and construction, the closed community mode and spatial organization are the main existing forms of residential community in China in the past decades. With the change of time, the closed community model and spatial organization exposed many problems, such as the fragmentation of urban space, and the exclusion of community and urban space, which destroyed the coherence of urban traffic grid, and its barrier to urban roads is also one of the important factors causing serious urban traffic congestion in China. In the process of urban road construction which ignores the road density, the uncontrolled increase of road scale leads to wide road becoming the typical configuration of urban traffic in China, which makes traffic congestion, the disappearance of street life, and the plunder of public resources, which greatly inhibits the sustainable development of the city.
    This book is divided into eight chapters, from different angles and content of the open community space construction process were analyzed and elaborated in detail, found the open community promotion and construction process of various problems, and put forward the corresponding suggestions, measures and methods.

前 言

近年来，随着我国城市化的高速发展和人们生活水平的不断提高，人们对生活方式和居住需求已逐渐从“量”向“质”的方向发展，城市社区建设正朝向多元化、复合化发展。 在大规模商品住宅开发建设背景下所形成的封闭社区模式和空间组织，是我国过去几十年居住社区的主要存在形式。随着时间的变迁，封闭社区模式和空间组织暴露出众多的问题，如城市空间碎片化、以及社区与城市空间的相排斥等，破坏了城市交通网格的连贯性，其对城市道路的阻隔也是造成中国城市严重交通拥堵的重要因素之一。在忽略了道路密度的城市道路建设过程中，道路尺度无节制的增加导致宽马路成为中国城市交通的典型配置，使得交通拥堵，街道生活消失，公共资源被掠夺，极大的抑制了城市的可持续发展，这些问题引发了社会的广泛关注和重视。
      本书分为八个章节，从不同角度和内容对开放式社区空间构建过程进行了详细的分析与阐述，发现了开放式社区推广和建设过程中存在的各种问题，并提出了相应的建议、措施和方法。

As a special commodity, construction engineering enters into the construction market for trading, thus standardizing the code of conduct of all parties, making clear the responsibilities, implementing to people, ensuring the quality, progress, price dispatch and safety of the project, and meeting the requirements of the development law of the
construction market. The construction project cost, bidding activities are the contract process formed by using the law of value and competition mechanism of market economy. They are also powerful measures to ensure that the project construction can achieve the expected purpose and standardize the bidding activities in the form of law. Within the scope permitted by laws and regulations, the standardized management of market transactions, bidding activities independently refers to the competition in accordance with the procedures allowed by laws and regulations, through the principles of fairness, justice and openness, in order to achieve the best results. or the construction of any project, the main body of its behavior involves many aspects, such as the government construction management department, financial and insurance institutions, construction units, survey design units, construction units, supervision units, materials and equipment suppliers, etc. It involves many aspects, such as project cost and bidding. This book mainly studies from two aspects of construction cost and bidding management, aiming to make the whole process of construction project complete smoothly according to the established plan.

前 言

建筑工程作为特殊的商品进入建筑市场进行交易，从而规范了各方的行为准则，责任明确，落实到人，使工程质量、进度、遣价及安全等方面得到保证，符合建筑市场发展规律之需求。建设工程的造价、招标与投标活动是利用市场经济的价值规律和竞争机制形成的合同过程， 也是保证工程建设能达到预期目的的有力措施，以法律的形式规范招标投标活动。在法律和法规允许的范围内，自主进行的市场交易行为，招标与投标活动的规范化管理是指必须按照法律法规允许的程序进行，通过公平、公正、公开的原则进行竞争，以取得最佳的效果。任何一项工程的建设，其行为主体无不涉及许多方面，诸如政府建设管理部门，金融保险机构、建设单位、拗察设计单位、施工单位、监理单位、材料及设备供应单位等；其所涉及到的工程造价、招标与投标也是涉及诸多方面。本书主要是从建筑工程造价以及招投标管理两个方面来进行研究， 旨在让整个建筑工程建设全过程能够按照既定规划顺利完成。

The main content of this book is to enable the readers to master the professional knowledge required for their professional posts, have the professional ability to apply knowledge to solve problems, and have the relevant professional ability quality. At the same time of teaching professional subject knowledge, it can guide the reader to complete the learning task, so as to realize the mastery of professional subject knowledge, train the reader to have the preliminary design ability of building water supply and drainage engineering, be able to read the design description of water supply and drainage construction drawing, and be able to read and draw the construction drawing of water supply and drainage engineering.
    In the process of compiling the book, we have updated the learning content through the development project, added training materials, and constructed a new book system, fully reflecting its advanced nature, innovation and applicability, reflecting the latest technology and research results at home and abroad, and highlighting the characteristics of readers’ self-learning. Through the study of this book, readers can master the basic knowledge of building water supply and drainage engineering, and have a certain ability of building water supply and drainage engineering design and construction.
    Due to the limited level of editors, there are inevitably mistakes and shortcomings in the book. We sincerely hope that experts, scholars and readers can criticize and correct them.

前 言

本书的主要内容使读者掌握从事职业岗位所需的专业知识，具备应用知识解决问题的专业能力，以及具备相关的职业能力素质。在讲授专业学科知识的同时，指导读者完成学习型工作任务，以实现读者对专业学科知识的掌握，培养读者具备初步的建筑给水排水工程设计能力，能够读懂给水排水施工图设计说明，并能识读和绘制给水排水工程施工图。
        本书编写过程中，通过开发项目，更新学习内容，增加实训资料，构建了新的书籍体系。充分体现了其先进性、创新性、适用性，反映了国内外最新技术和研究成果，突出读者自学的特点。通过对本书的学习，可使读者掌握建筑给排水工程的基本知识，并具有一定的建筑给排水工程设计、施工的能力。
        编者水平有限，书中难免有错误和不足之处，诚恳地希望专家、学者及广大读者批评指正。

The construction management of construction project is of great significance to the quality and cost of construction project. At the same time, “construction management of construction project” is an important course of civil engineering and engineering management. Its main task is to study the general rules of organization and management of engineering project and unit project in the construction process. It is a practical, comprehensive and
professional course involving a wide range of knowledge.
    The feature of this textbook is to integrate the construction methods of roads, bridges and pipelines in municipal engineering scientifically and reasonably, so as to make them more systematic, taking the municipal engineering construction as the object and following the principle of “highlighting the key points, focusing on practicality and avoiding repetition”. In the compilation of this book, attention shall be paid to the connection with the basic theories and knowledge of relevant disciplines, the application of new technologies, materials, processes and standards in production, and the cultivation of the ability to solve engineering practice problems shall be highlighted, so as to achieve a clear hierarchy, clear organization and reasonable structure.
    The compilation of the series focuses on the combination of theory and practice, which has the characteristics of wide content, novel style, convenient access and strong operability. In the process of compilation, the series has referred to or quoted the data of relevant departments, units and individuals, referred to a number of works of the same industry in China, and received strong support and help from relevant departments and engineering consulting units. The author would like to express his heartfelt thanks. Limited to the author’s professional level and practical experience, although it has been carefully examined and certified, there are still omissions or irregularities in the series. Readers are welcome to criticize and correct them.

前 言

建筑工程施工管理对施工项目质量、成本等多个环节都具有非常重要的意义，同时“建筑工程施工管理”是土建类专业和工程管理类专业的一门重要课程，其主要任务是研究工程项目、单位工程在施工过程中进行组织与管理的一般规律，它是一门实践性和综合性强、涉及知识面广的专业课程。
       本教材的特色是以市政工程建设为对象，本着“突出重点、注重实用、避免重复”的原则，对市政工程中道路、桥梁和管道工程施工方法进行科学合理的整合，使其更加具有系统性。本书在编写时，注意与相关学科基本理论和知识的联系，注意反映新技术、新材料、新工艺、新标准在生产中的运用，注意突出对解决工程实践问题的能力培养，力求做到层次分明、条理清晰、结构合理。
       丛书的编写注重理论与实践相结合，具有内容广泛、体例新颖、方便查阅、可操作性强等特点。丛书在编写过程中，参考或引用了有关部门、单位和个人的资料，参阅了国内同行多部著作，得到了相关部门及工程咨询单位的大力支持与帮助，在此表示衷心的感谢。限于编者的专业水平和实践经验，虽经认真推敲核证，丛书中仍难免有疏漏或不妥之处，恳请广大读者指正。

The Yellow River is the mother river of the Chinese nation, which breeds the splendid Chinese civilization, but it is also a complex and difficult river to control. With the passage of time, there are various new problems in the management of the Yellow River, and the water volume is decreasing year by year. Similarly, with the economic
development, the development around the Yellow River and the establishment of various factories have seriously polluted the water resources of the Yellow River. The existence of these problems has seriously affected the water quality of the Yellow River. Therefore, we should reasonably plan and protect the mother river, and establish a separate protection agency for supervision and management. This book mainly describes the situation of the Yellow River Basin in recent years, and studies the water resource management and protection of the Yellow River. It is hoped that this book can bring readers reference opinions and play a role in relieving the pressure of the Yellow River.
    Water is the source of life, the key of production and the base of ecology. With the economic development and social progress, water has gradually developed from the lifeblood of agriculture to the lifeblood of the whole national economic construction and ecological construction, profoundly affecting all aspects of economic and social life directly related to national economic security, food security, ecological security, social stability and sustainable development.
    The Yellow River has less water and more sand, and the relationship between water and sediment is not harmonious. The rapid development of economy and society and the benign maintenance of ecological environment in the Yellow River Basin and the areas beyond its lower reaches all put forward higher requirements for water resources. The contradiction between supply and demand of water resources in the Yellow River area is increasingly prominent, and the competition for water is increasingly fierce. On the one hand, the severe water shortage situation has led to a large number of industrial projects in some regions being unable to be approved due to water shortage, and nearly 10 million mu (1 mu = 1 / 15 Hm2, the same later) of farmland in the basin cannot be irrigated, which seriously restricts the sustainable development of economy and society. On the other hand, many areas do not pay attention to the endowment conditions of water resources, and use water resources excessively to occupy a large amount of water in the ecological environment, which leads to the deterioration of the relationship between river ecological environment and water and sediment. At the same time, many kinds of contradictions are complex, which makes the task of water resource management and regulation of the Yellow River very difficult. Therefore, it is urgent to carry out in-depth research on many problems existing in the utilization and protection of water resources in the Yellow River Basin, and put forward reasonable allocation, protection and management schemes according to the characteristics of water resources in the Yellow River Basin.

前 言

黄河是中华民族的母亲河，它孕育了光辉灿烂的华夏文明，但是黄河也是一条复杂难治的河流。伴随着时间的流逝，黄河在治理方面出现了各种各样的新问题，水量在逐年下降；同样随着经济的发展，黄河周边进行开发，各种工厂建立，严重污染黄河水资源。这些问题的存在严重影响到了黄河水质，因此，我们应合理规划与保护母亲河，建立单独的保护机构进行监督与管理。本书主要讲述了黄河流域近年来的流域情况，针对黄河水资源管理与保护进行研究。希望这本书可以为读者带来参考意见，为缓解黄河的压力起到作用。

        水是生命之源、生产之要、生态之基。随着经济发展和社会进步，水已逐步从农业的命脉发展成为整个国民经济建设与生态建设的命脉，深刻影响着经济社会生活的各个方面直接关系到国家经济安全、粮食安全、生态安全、社会稳定和可持续发展。

       黄河水少沙多，水沙关系不协调，黄河流域及其下游流域外黄河地区经济社会的迅速发展和生态环境的良性维持均对水资源提出了较高要求，黄河流城水资源供需矛盾日益突出，用水竞争日益激烈。一方面，严峻的缺水形势导致部分地区大量工业项目由于缺水而无法立项，并导致流域内近 1000 万亩（1 亩=1/15 hm2，后同）农田无法灌溉，严重制约经济社会的可持续发展；另一方面，很多地区又不顾水资源的禀赋条件，竭泽而渔，过度利用水资源，大量挤占生态环境水量，导致河流生态环境和水沙关系不断恶化；同时，多种矛盾错综复杂，使黄河水资源管理与调度的任务十分艰巨。因此，亟须针对黄河流域水资源利用与保护中存在的诸多问题进行深人研究，针对黄河水资源特点，提出合理的配置和保护管理方案。