Since the industrial revolution, especially since the 1950s, with the rapid increase ofpopulation, the continuous improvement of living standards and the progress of human society, the intensity and depth of human exploitation and plunder of environmental resources have also been increasing. At the same time, a large number of wastes (waste water, wastes, waste gas and noise) have been discharged into the environment, causing unprecedented damage and interference to the ecological environment. As a result, a variety of pollution problems, natural disasters and ecological damage have emerged. At the same time, the polluted environment and unbalanced ecology in turn bring inconvenience and harm to human production and life, even disaster. Therefore, the environmental problems have aroused the widespread concern of the international community. The environmental crisis brought by industrial civilization has affected the healthy survival and development of human beings. To build a harmonious society, we need to build ecological civilization first, and the construction of ecological civilization needs public participation. Citizens should set up environmental morality and take part in the practical action of environmental protection. We can’t miss doing any good thing no matter how insignificant it looks. The earth environment is a complex ecosystem. To solve the environmental problems faced by human beings, it needs the cooperation of various disciplines and the coordinated development of multi disciplines.
    With the continuous development of China’s economy, new environmental problems continue to appear, and the corresponding environmental protection work is also in the process of rapid development. Today, human beings have entered a new era of ecological civilization. We should realize that human beings are part of the life community of the earth. We should understand the natural ecology scientifically, respect the nature, conform to the nature and protect the nature, recognize that the natural ecosystem is the second wealth besides the social products, and fully consider the bearing capacity of the natural ecology for the social and economic development. We should save resources, protect the environment, repair the ecology. We should strive to achieve the harmonious, innovative, coordinated, green, open and shared development of human and natural ecology, and realize the common “sustainable development” between human and nature.

前 言

工业革命以来，尤其是 20 世纪 50 年代以来，随着人口数量的剧增、生活水平的不断提高和人类社会的进步，人类对环境资源的开发掠夺的强度和深度也日益增加，同时将大量的废物（废水、废弃物、废气和噪声等）排入环境，使生态环境遭受前所未有的破坏和干扰，从而产生了各种污染问题、自然灾害以及生态破坏。与此同时，污染的环境和失去平衡的生态反过来也给人类的生产生活带来了不便和危害，甚至是灾难。因此，环境问题引起了国际社会的广泛关注。工业文明带来的环境危机已经影响到人类的健康生存与发展。构建和谐社会首先需要建设生态文明，而生态文明建设需要公众参与。公民应树立环境道德，参与保护环境的实际行动，勿以善小而不为。地球环境是一个复杂的生态系统，解决人类面临的环境问题需要各专业相互合作及多学科协同发展。
      随着我国经济的不断发展，新的环境问题不断出现，相应的环境保护工作也在快速发展过程中。在今天，人类要进入生态文明的新时代，就是认识到人是地球生命共同体的一分子，要科学认识自然生态，尊重自然、顺应自然、保护自然，承认自然生态系统是除社会产品外的第二财富，充分考虑自然生态对社会经济发展的承载力。节约资源，保护环境，修复生态，达到人与自然生态、和谐，创新、协调、绿色、开放、共享，实现人与自然共同的“可持续发展”。

The engineering construction products are complex and diverse, and a large number of manpower, financial resources, material resources, machines and tools need to be invested in the construction. At the same time, we need to fully prepare the construction preparation, construction technology, construction method scheme according to the characteristics and scale of the construction object, geological, hydrological and climatic conditions, drawings, contracts and supply of mechanical materials, so as to ensure the technical and economic effect and avoid the accidents, which put forward higher requirements for engineering construction management and technical personnel. Highway construction workers are the most basic technical and organizational management personnel
to complete the highway construction tasks, and they are the organizers and managers of the production line at the construction site. They need to command and coordinate basic technical personnel and labor personnel on the construction site, and they should strengthen the training of key construction technical knowledge.
    The implementation of highway engineering supervision system is an important part of the reform of highway infrastructure management system in China, and an effective measure to improve the investment efficiency and construction management level. With the rapid development of national highway, the demand for highway engineering supervision technical personnel is increasing. It is urgent to cultivate a certain number of qualified highway engineering supervision personnel. In the stage of project construction, the main task of supervision engineer is that he must do a good job of “five controls, two management and one coordination” from the perspective of organization, technology, contract and economy, namely quality control, safety control, environmental protection control, cost control, progress control, contract management, information management
and organization coordination.

前 言

工程建设产品复杂多样，施工中需要投入大量人力、财力、物力、机具等，同时，需要根据施工对象的特点和规模、地质水文气候条件、图纸、合同及机械材料供应情况等，充分做好施工准备、施工技术工艺、施工方法方案等，以确保技术经济效果，避免出现事故，这就对工程建设施工管理技术人员提出了较高的要求。公路工程施工员是完成公路工程施工任务的最基层的技术和组织管理人员，是施工现场生产一线的组织者和管理者，要指挥、协调施工现场基层技术人员、劳务人员，应对加强关键施工技术知识的培训。
       推行公路工程监理制度是我国公路基本建设管理体制改革的一项重要内容，是提高投资效益和施工管理水平的有效措施。随着国家高速公路的迅速发展，对公路工程监理技术人员的需求不断增加，培养一定数量的合格的公路工程监理人员已迫在眉睫。工程施工阶段监理的主要任务是，监理工程师必须从组织、技术、合同和经济的角度抓好“五控、两管、一协调”工作，即质量控制、安全控制、环境保护控制、费用控制、进度控制、合同管理、信息管理和组织协调。

Transportation is the basic and leading industry of national economy. The development level of this industry has a very important connection with the development of national economy.With the rapid development of the world economy, China’s politics and economy have also been greatly improved. In transportation, from a single means of vehicle in the past to the common development of a variety means of vehicles, the development of transportation is more diversified, and the development level of transportation is also improved. As an important part of economic development, transportation cannot be ignored. After the reform and opening up, China’s industrial and agricultural production has developed rapidly, and its economic foundation has been strengthened day by day. With the urbanization process and th acceleration of economic development, new requirements have been put forward for the transportation between cities, cities and rural areas, and between rural areas.
    At the same time, with the rapid development of social economy and the improvement of science and technology, the further development of design, construction and management technology of road and bridge in China has been greatly promoted.
    The modernization of the bridge has introduced innovative ideas. Combined with the current social development situation, road and bridge engineering projects not only need to formulate scientific, reasonable and practical planning and design according to local conditions, but also need to pay attention to different road and bridge projects in the field construction process, as well as effective management measures and means from organization, cost, progress to quality, safety and technology, it’s all the most important. We are no longer satisfied with ensuring the safety and applicability of road and bridge use, but also adhere to the strategic factors of sustainable development, and put forward further requirements for improving the beautification of the engineering environmental landscape and strengthening the environmental protection in the construction process.
    Of course, since the reform and opening up, especially in the past ten years, China has made great achievements in all aspects of the development of road, bridge and transportation. However, there are still some problems in the development process, which to some extent restrict the faster development of China’s road and bridge transportation system, thus restricting the sustainable development speed of China’s economic construction.
    The design of highway and bridge has always been one of the most important problems in the construction of road and bridge. People’s enthusiasm for the design of highway bridge and modern transportation is growing, and the construction of road and bridge is becoming more and more mature. However, there are still some problems in the construction of roads and bridges, especially in the design of roads and bridges and transportation. In each chapter of this book, the author points out the existence and causes of the problems, and makes relevant measures and reflections on them, hoping to provide reference for the majority of road and bridge workers, which is also the intention of compiling the book Road Traffic and Bridge Engineering.
    As this book covers a lot of contents, involves complicated knowledge and many writers, the format, depth and breadth of each chapter may not be the same, and fallacies are inevitable, readers are welcome to comment and correct.

前 言

交通运输是国民经济的基础性、先导性产业，该产业的发展水平与国民经济的发展有着极为重要的联系。随着世界经济的高速发展，我国的政治经济也同样得到了较大的提高,在交通运输上由过去单一的交通工具，变成多种交通工具的共同发展，使得交通运输的发展更加多样化，交通运输的发展水平也有所提高。作为经济发展的重要一环，交通运输不容忽视。而我国在改革开放后，工农业生产迅速发展，经济基础日益增强，随着城市化进程以及经济发展的加快对连接城市与城市、城市与农村、农村与农村间的交通运输状况提出了新的要求。
      与此同时，随着社会经济的快速发展，科学技术水平的日益改善，极大程度上推进了我国道路桥梁设计、施工与管理技术的进一步发展。

现代化的桥梁引进了创新的理念，结合当前社会的发展形势，道路桥梁工程项目不仅需要因地制宜地制定出科学合理且切实可行的规划设计，不同道路桥梁在现场施工过程中的需要注意的事项，以及从组织、成本、进度到质量、安全、技术的有效管理措施手段都是重中之重。我们不再满足于保证道路桥梁使用的安全性、适用性，更秉持着可持续发展战略因素，对提高工程环境景观的美化性，加强施工过程对环境的保护提出了进一步的要求。
       当然，改革开放以来，尤其近十多年，我国在道路桥梁与交通运输发展的各个方面都取得了较大的成就，不过，发展过程中依然面临着一些问题，且这些问题一定程度上制约了我国道路桥梁交通运输体系的更快发展，从而制约了我国经济建设的可持续发展速度。

一直以来高速公路与桥梁的设计都是路桥建设中倍为关注的问题之一，人们对公路桥梁与现代化交通运输设计的热情日益高涨，道路桥梁建设也日渐成熟。但是在道路桥梁建设中，特别是道路桥梁与交通运输的设计方面仍存在相关的问题，这本书在各章节中都有指出问题的存在及原因，并对此做了相关措施和思考，希望可以对广大路桥工作者提供参考，这也是我们编写《道路交通与桥梁工程》这本书的用意所在。
        由于本书包罗内容较多，涉及知识较繁琐，编写人员较多，各章节内容的格式、深度和广度可能并不一致，且谬误无可避免，敬请广大读者批评指正。

The development level of animal husbandry determines the development level of agriculture in a country. In recent years, the development of animal husbandry in China is very rapid, the total output of animal products is also on the rise, the per capita share has been greatly improved, the supply of animal products from the beginning in short supply,has changed into supply over demand, the production structure has been further optimized, animal husbandry has become the pillar industry of China’s agriculture and rural economy, and also it is the main way for farmers to get rich. However, in the past two years, due to the continuous decline of macro-economy, rising feed prices, animal epidemic prevention and control, food safety and other factors, coupled with the reduction of breeding profits, and the weak risk of prevention and control of farmers, the stable development of animal husbandry in China has been repeatedly frustrated in a downturn, the market of animal products has fallen into a trough, and the farmers have suffered losses seriously.
    Therefore, this book gives a detailed description of animal husbandry and disease control from six chapters, hoping to promote the development and progress of animal husbandry in China.

前 言

畜牧养殖业的发展水平决定了一个国家农业的发达程度。我国近些年畜牧养殖业发展十分迅速， 畜产品的总产量也正在呈上升趋势， 人均占有量得到了很大提高，畜产品的供应从一开始的供不应求，已经转变成了供大于求，生产结构得到了进一步的优化，畜牧养殖业已经成为了我国农业以及农村经济的支柱产业，同时也是农民致富的主要途径。可是在近两年，由于受到了宏观经济不断下滑、饲料价格不断上涨、动物疫情防控及食品安全等因素的影响，再加上养殖利润一度缩减、养殖户的防控风险较弱，使得我国畜牧养殖业的稳定发展屡遭挫折，一度出现低迷状态，畜产品的市场陷入了低谷，养殖户的亏损现象较为严重。
       因此，本书从六章内容对畜牧养殖与疫病防治进行详细的叙述，希望能够推动
我国畜牧业的发展与进步。

With the rapid development of economy, road and bridge has become an important carrier in the economic development of our country, which has a very important relationship with people’s travel directly. Municipal roads and bridges are the carriers to ensure the smooth travel of urban residents, which is of great significance for the development of the city. With the rapid development of current construction technology, different construction technologies will be adopted according to different structures in the construction of municipal road and bridge projects. However, no matter what construction technology is adopted, it is necessary to comply with the current engineering construction standards and ensure the quality of the project. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the construction management level of municipal road and bridge projects in this case.
      At the same time, in urban construction, urban economic construction and residents’living standards should be improved through the construction of municipal water supply and drainage projects, and urban infrastructure has gradually improved because of reasonable planning and construction. Therefore, in the construction of water supply and drainage projects, the most critical is management. In the construction of the project, whether the expected goal of construction management can be achieved or not will definitely affect the overall function of the water supply and drainage project. Therefore, it is particularly important to enhance the management of municipal water supply and drainage project construction.
   This book will elaborate on municipal road, bridge design based on life-cycle idea, bridge engineering construction, bridge detection and maintenance technology, municipal water supply and drainage engineering, etc.

前 言

随着经济的快速发展，道路桥梁已成为我国经济发展中的重要载体，直接与人们出行有着十分重要的关系。市政道路桥梁是保证城市居民得以顺利出行的载体，对于城市的发展有着十分重要的意义。当前施工技术的快速发展，在市政道路桥梁工程施工时会根据结构的不同而采取不同的施工技术，但无论采取何种施工技术，都要符合现行的工程建设标准规定，确保工程的质量，所以在这种情况下，加强市政道路桥梁工程的施工管理水平是十分必要的。
       同时，在城市建设的时候，城市经济建设和居民生活水平要通过市政给排水工程的建设来提高，城市基础设施因为合理规划和建设也渐渐的提高了。所以，在给排水项目施工的时候，最为关键的就是管理。在项目施工中，可不可以达到施工管理的预期目标，肯定会影响到给排水项目整体功能的有效发挥。所以，增强市政给排水项目施工的管理是特别重要的。
       本书将通过对市政道路、基于全寿命思想的桥梁设计、桥梁工程施工、桥梁的检测与养护技术、市政给排水工程等方面进行一定的阐述。