Construction engineering is the planning, survey, design, construction, completion and other technical work for the newly-built, rebuilt or expanded buildings and ancillary structures and facilities, as well as the completed engineering entity and the installation engineering of its supporting lines, pipelines and equipment. It also refers to the construction of various houses and buildings, also known as construction workload. This part of investment must be carried out through construction activities. In recent years, with the rapid development of China’s economic construction, especially under the background of promoting domestic economic growth by expanding domestic infrastructure construction, construction enterprises obtain a rare development opportunity. Many domestic construction enterprises fully understand the relevant policies and constantly expand their development fields and technical level in the market. In addition, the development of green building is also a gradually changing mode of China’'s construction industry. In the construction activities and the whole life cycle of buildings, energy saving, water saving, material saving, efficient utilization of resources, minimum impact on the environment, and the realization of sustainable development of construction engineering. Therefore, in the construction process, it is necessary to carry out green building supervision, so as to ensure the scientific and sustainable construction process. Therefore, this paper mainly from the content of ten chapters on the construction of building structure and green supervision in detail, the content is comprehensive. We hope that the book will be helpful to the relevant staff.
前 言
建筑工程是为新建、改建或扩建房屋建筑物和附属构筑物设施所进行的规划、 勘察、设计和施工、竣工等各项技术工作和完成的工程实体以及与其配套的线路、 管道、设备的安装工程。也指各种房屋、建筑物的建造工程,又称建筑工作量。这 部分投资额必须兴工动料,通过施工活动才能实现。而近几年来,我国的经济建设 飞速发展,特别是国家通过扩大国内基础设施建设来拉动国内经济增长的背景下, 建筑企业获得一个难得的发展机遇。国内的许多建筑企业充分解读相关政策,在市 场中不断拓展企业的发展领域和技术水平。 除此之外,发展绿色建筑也是我国建筑业逐渐转变的模式,在建筑活动以及建 筑物全生命周期实现节能、节水、节材,高效利用资源,最低限度的影响环境,实 现建筑工程可持续发展。因此,在建筑工程施工过程中,很有必要进行绿色建筑监 理,从而保证建筑工程过程的科学性和可持续性。 因此,本文主要从十章内容对建筑结构施工与绿色监理进行详细的阐述,内容 全面。希望对相关工作人员有一定的帮助。
In human development process, our society never stopped exploring the means to control and adapt to nature, and at the same time gradually identify its position on the earth. Architecture uses its special and abstract methods to give people a sense of safety, confidence and aesthetics. To be specific, architecture is an artificial and physical environment formed by people using certain material conditions, It is built by people through shaping, organizing and perfecting space, with the consideration of certain scientific rules and aesthetic requirements, to meet the needs of life. Architecture can be divided into two types: buildings and structures. Buildings refer to the house used for human life, work, study and other activities, such as residential buildings, office buildings and schools. Structures are some subsidiary buildings added to make the building have better performance, like chimneys and TV towers. Therefore, architecture has an important position in the entire process of national economic development and urban construction engineering. Architectural design conception and architectural design creativity are two closely related but divergent processes. Just like the relationship between writing and reading, they work on the same objects, but with different aims and methods. Like novel writing, during the architecture design process, we need to fully understand various existing conditions, compare different routes and possibilities, form an overall framework, and conduct conceptual abstract thinking and set various touching details, in order to complete the whole work, which is more like a comprehensive process. And the architectural design conception process is like reading. We will try to understand the thinking process of tthe architects, establishing connections between different factors, and comparing them with other similar works. This is more like an analysis process. This book mainly starts with the conception of architectural design. Through in-depth research on the basis and methods of conception, it presents in details each step of the entire architectural design stage, so as to better explain the architectural design process.
前 言
人类社会在发展的过程中持续探寻着对自然进行控制和适应的手段,同时逐渐 确定自身在地球上的地位。建筑能够使用特殊、抽象的方法给予人们安全、自信和 审美的感受。具体来说,建筑是人们为了满足对生活的需求,使用一定的物质条件, 根据科学法则和美学要求,通过对空间进行塑造,组织和完善而形成的人造物质环 境。建筑可以分为建筑物和构造物两类。其中,建筑物是指用于人类生活、工作、 学习等活动的房屋。如住宅、办公楼和学校等。构造物则是为了使建筑物具有更好 的使用性能而添加的一些辅助建筑,如烟囱、电视塔等。因此,建筑在整个国民经 济发展和城镇的建设工程中具有重要的地位。 建筑设计构思与建筑设计创意是两个密切相关但又不同的过程。就像写作和阅 读的关系,它们的工作对象是一致的,然而目的和手段却不尽相同。和小说的创作 过程一样,在设计过程中,为了最终完成作品,要充分了解各种现有条件,比较不 同的路线和可能性,形成整体的框架,还要进行概念化的抽象思考,设置各种动人 的细节,这更像是一个综合的过程。而建筑设计构思的过程好比是阅读,试图理解 建筑师的思考过程,在不同的因素间建立起联系,并与其他类似的作品进行比较, 这更像是个分析的过程。 本书主要是从建筑设计的构思入手,通过深入研究构思的基础、方法等方面的 研究,详细将整个建筑设计阶段的各个环节进行呈现,从而更好地实现对于建筑设 计过程的掌握。
随着社会经济的发展,人们的生活水平不断提高,然而人们的环境却越来越差, 现如今环境问题已经成为了我国现代社会发展中不可忽视的重要内容,对人民群众 的日常生活造成了严重的影响。环境问题一旦恶化,就可能会导致地质灾害的发生, 这将直接使得国家发生严重的经济损失,因此,加强地质环境保护是很有必要的。 近年来,我国常会发生环境地质灾害问题与破坏生态环境,致使国家与人民群 众损失巨大,所以,非常有必要针对环境地质灾害问题开展有效的监测与调查工作 以及保护生态环境,以降低因灾害的发生而造成的损失。之所以会发生环境地质灾 害,主要是由自然因素与人为因素而引起的,自然因素主要涵盖了地震、泥石流等, 人为因素涵盖了地下水污染、水质破坏等。在这些灾害中,因水而造成的地质灾害 尤为突出。因此,做好水文地质的勘察与监控对环境保护具有重大意义。 水文地质是工程项目施工过程中无法避免的重要问题,虽然其对地下水系统和生 态环境有一定的积极意义,但如果不能对其进行科学、有效的检测,可能对周围地理 环境造成一定的不利影响。各单位必须在充分了解国家相关法律规定的基础上,结合 国家有关工程技术标准,制定科学的工程施工方案,对水文地质进行长期、系统、科 学的动态监控,才能保证建筑物的安全,进而保证我国人民的生命、财产安全。
在临床医学领域,医疗风险意识主要指的是医护人员在医疗行为实施过程中,对自己所开展的医疗行为所具有的风险的认知程度。按摩推拿是中医治疗手段的重要组成部分。现阶段按摩推拿是盲人的重要就业途径。
现阶段我国已经步入老龄化社会,在人口老龄化比例不断上升的情况下,慢性病的发病率呈现出逐年上升的特点。慢性病是人们的生活质量与身体健康的威胁因素。中医推拿在不仅有助于慢性病的防治,也有助于缓解亚健康人群的身体不适症状。针对现阶段盲人按摩师医疗风险意识有待提升的问题,国家相关部门可以从盲人医疗按摩人员的培训工作入手,对盲人医疗按摩人员的责任意识进行强化。如国家可以在完善制度法规的基础上,规范盲人按摩市场的经营行为,并要在强化责任追究制度的基础上,提升盲人按摩师强化自身医疗风险意识的主动性。
但如今,我国盲人按摩师医疗风险意识现状仍需得到改善,加大盲人按摩师继续教育力度,优化盲人按摩师培训体系是提升盲人按摩师医疗风险意识,提升盲人按摩安全性的可行措施。国家层面的政策法规体系的完善,也有助于盲人按摩师队伍的发展。
进入二十一世纪以来,我国的经济水平得到了显著的提高。伴随着经济的快速发展,我国的城市化进程大大加快,风景园林规划对于城市化建设来说意义重大。然而,随着我国经济的快速发展,城市的环境不断恶化,生态设计在风景园林规划中的应用越来越广。生态风景园林的修建,极大的提高了人们的居住质量。
改革开放以来,我国城市的建设速度大大提高。伴随着城市化进程的加快,风景园林的规划工作越来越受到了人们的关注。风景园林的规划工作受到许多因素的影响,比如修建地的文化历史背景,当地的人文环境以及自然地理特征等。只有将这些影响因素充分考虑,才能更好的进行风景园林设计工作。虽然我国的风景园林历史悠久,但是就现阶段我国的风景园林规划工作来说,依旧存在着许许多多的问题,这些问题的出现,严重影响了我国风景园林的规划工作。
随着人民的生活水平得到了显著的提高,因此,城市的风景园林规划越来越受到人们的关注。随着生态设计在风景园林规划中的应用,我国的城市环境得到了极大的改善,人们的生活水平也得到了显著的提高。