Testing and detection are directly related to the quality of civil engineering construction. With the acceleration of urbanization in China, the construction of civil engineering such as roads, bridges and buildings is increasing day by day. Testing and detection have a long way to go. In the competition full of opportunities and challenges, we should forge ahead and comprehensively improve the testing and detection level of civil engineering construction in China.

This book consists of five sections: introduction to civil engineering structure, civil engineering structure testing and detection foundation, civil engineering structure test method, civil engineering structure load test and civil engineering structure on-site detection. It explains in detail the current civil engineering structural testing and detection technology and theory, provides theoretical guidance and assistance for the advancement of testing and detection technology in civil engineering related fields in China, and contributes to the construction of a safe and civilized modern China.

前言

试验检测工作直接关系到土木工程建设质量，随着我国城市化进程的加快，路桥与建筑等土木工程建设与日俱增，试验检测工作任重道远，在充满机遇和挑战的竞争中，开拓进取，全面提升我国土木工程建设试验检测水平。

本书由土木工程结构概论、土木工程结构试验与检测基础、土木工程结构试验方法、土木工程结构荷载试验以及土木工程结构现场检测五部分组成，对当前土木工程结构试验与检测技术与理论进行详细的阐释说明，为我国广大土木工程相关领域试验检测技术的与时俱进提供理论指导与帮助，为建设安全、文明的现代化中国添砖加瓦。

With the development of the national economy, China’s transportation industry has entered a new period of development, and the requirements for the quality of engineering construction are also increasing day by day, which means that the standards for railway construction must be improved. In the measurement process of railway engineering, the accuracy of measurement results is directly related to the engineering quality of railway construction and foundation construction stage. The specific performance is as follows: once the construction measurement results are not accurate enough, it will affect the construction progress and adversely affect the overall project quality. Therefore, it must be taken seriously. Before the construction, the original surface of the construction section should be re-tested to make it as close as possible to the construction drawings, so that the construction lofting can be more accurately carried out. When it is found in the measurement process that is inconsistent with the construction drawing requirements, it must be reported for processing at the first time; if the measurement deviation is found in the construction lofting, there will be displacement deviation between the built railway and the designed position. Therefore, in the construction process of railway engineering, it is necessary to attach great importance to the measurement work and fully realize its importance in the whole project.

This book will briefly elaborate on the railway engineering overview, railway subgrade engineering, railway track engineering, railway and bridge engineering, railway and tunnel engineering, surveying, and railway engineering measurement.

前言

随着国民经济的发展，我国的交通运输业步入全新的发展时期，对工程建设质量的要求也在与日俱增，这就意味着铁路工程施工的标准要有所提高。在铁路工程的测量过程中，测量结果的准确性与铁路施工和基础施工阶段的工程质量有直接的联系，具体表现在以下方面：一旦施工测量结果不够精准，会影响施工进度，并给整体工程质量带来不利影响，因此，必须加以重视；施工前应对施工段的原地表进行复测，使其尽量和施工图相符，这样能更准确地进行施工放样；在测量过程中发现与施工图要求不一致的地方时，必须第一时间上报进行处理；如果在施工放样中发现测量偏差，会使建成后的铁路与设计的位置存在位移偏差。因此，在铁路工程的施工过程中，必须对测量工作给予高度的重视，并充分认识到它在整个工程中的重要性。

本书将通过对铁路工程概述、铁路路基工程、铁路轨道工程、铁路桥梁工程、铁路隧道工程、测量学、铁路工程测量等方面进行简要的阐述。

Water conservancy is one of the infrastructures of China’s national economy. The development of water conservancy projects is an important task for China. With the rapid development of modern science and technology, the process of water conservancy project construction is also accelerating, while the consequent project construction management is also constantly improving, and gradually transforms from the traditional type of experience management mode to the modern management mode. 

The main contents of this book include several sections, including water conservancy engineering, water conservancy engineering investigation and design, water conservancy engineering construction technology, hydraulic engineering dike construction, small farmland water conservancy construction, eco-river management, water conservancy project management system and water conservancy project management. It explains the problems and solutions encountered in the construction and management of water conservancy projects in China, with a view to providing management theory and support to those water conservancy industry practitioners. As the book contains more content, involves more cumbersome knowledge, and has more compilers, the format, depth and breadth of the contents of each chapter may not be inconsistent; and the fallacies are inevitable. Readers are invited to criticize and correct. Suggestions for improvement will be gratefully received.

前言

水利是我国国民经济的基础设施之一，发展水利工程建设是我国的一项重要任务。随着现代科技的迅猛发展，水利工程建设的进程也在不断加快，随之而来的工程建设管理也在不断提高，并逐渐由传统型的经验管理模式转换为现代化的管理模式。

本书的主要内容涉及水利工程、水利工程勘测与设计、水利工程施工技术、水利工程堤防施工、小型农田水利建设、生态河道治理、水利工程管理体制以及水利工程项目管理几个方面，阐述了我国目前水利工程施工建设与管理过程中遇到的问题以及解决办法，以期对广大水利行业从业者提供管理理论与支持，这也是我们编写本书的意图所在。由于本书包罗内容较广，涉及知识较烦琐，编写人员较多，各章节内容的格式、深度和广度可能并不一致，且谬误无可避免，敬请读者批评指正。

The petrochemical industry is an organic synthesis industry that uses petroleum (including natural gas) as a starting material, and is also an industry that comprehensively processes and utilizes petroleum. It came into being at the early 20th century and has developed rapidly since the 1960s, becoming an important area of the world economic system. Since the discovery of Daqing Oilfield of CNPC in the 1960s, a number of large-scale petroleum refining and petrochemical enterprises have been established successively. Now the petrochemical industry is in the ascendant and has become one of the pillar industries of our national economy. The developed degree of petrochemical industry is also an important symbol to measure a country’s economic strength and industrial level. 

Facing the fierce competition in domestic and foreign markets, the industry is increasingly dependent on science and technology, and scientific and technological progress is increasingly demanding the proper structure and specifications of talents. Therefore, engineers and technicians in the petrochemical industry, including university students in petrochemical universities, should have a comprehensive understanding of the petrochemical industry, whether they are currently or in the future engaged in the development of high-tech products or in industrial production, technological innovation, technological management and other work.

The book is divided into five chapters. The first chapter mainly describes the development of petrochemical industry and its role in the national economy, the second chapter mainly explains the nature and classification of petroleum and high-quality products, the third chapter mainly addresses the relevant knowledge of industrial sewage, the fourth chapter mainly discusses the methods of sewage treatment, and the fifth chapter mainly analyses the content of chemical safety. Due to the limited editorial level, the complexity of the content, the wide range of issues, the inadequacies and mistakes are inevitable. We sincerely hope that petrochemical experts and readers in the industry can give advice.

前言

石油化学工业是以石油（包括天然气）为起始原料的有机合成工业，也是对石油进行综合加工利用的工业。它于20世纪初问世，60年代以来发展迅猛，成为世界经济体系的一个重要领域。我国在60年代发现大庆油田以来，相继建成了一批大型石油炼制、石油化工企业。现在石油化学工业方兴未艾，已成为我国国民经济的支柱产业之一。石油化学工业的发达程度也是衡量一个国家经济实力和工业水平的重要标志。

面对激烈竞争的国内外市场，行业对科学技术的依赖程度日益加深，科技进步对人才的结构和规格要求也越来越高。因此，石化行业的工程技术人员，也包括石油化工院校的大学生们，不论是目前正在或将来要从事高新技术产品的研制，还是从事工业生产、技术革新、技术管理等工作，都应对石化工业有较全面的了解。

全书共分五章。第一章主要写石油化工的发展及与国民经济的作用，第二章主要写石油与优品的性质及分类，第三章主要写工业污水的相关知识，第四章主要写污水处理的方法，第五章主要写化工安全方面的内容。由于编者水平有限，加上内容庞杂、涉及面广，不妥和错误之处在所难免，诚望业内石油化工专家和广大读者指教。

“Being an adult is the first step to become a talent”. Teaching is for educating people, while managing is for profit. In the process of participating in or cooperating with teaching management,  and on the premise of doing well in teaching conventions and ensuring teaching order, teachers should combine their teaching work with specific subject characteristics, social needs, life practice and students’ personality and personal needs (including short-term goals and long-term ideals), and provide students with a practical promising and ideal education, helping them to clarify the purpose of learning, cultivating their interest in learning, so as to helping them develop healthily and comprehensively. Otherwise, “To Study for the Rise of China” would be an empty slogan. Mathematics is a natural science with strong theory, and its abundant content, rigorous logic and flexible thinking pattern can cultivate students’ interest in learning. Examination is a necessary strategy of mathematical management. In fact, quality education and exam-oriented education are contradictory and unified. It is this main contradiction that promotes the development of current education. As long as our teaching activities conform to the laws of educational psychology, the characteristics of students’ physical and mental development, the needs of the three orientations of education and the nation, and not only for the sake of examinations, we will not go to exam-oriented education.

This book will discuss the transformation of high school running system, the teaching mode of high school mathematics, the application of hierarchical teaching in high school mathematics teaching, the application of hierarchical interaction in high school mathematics teaching, and the mathematics teaching under the network environment to a certain extent.

前言

“要成才，先成人”。教书要育人，管理出效益。老师在参与或配合教学管理的过程中，在搞好教学常规，保证教学秩序的前提下，应结合其学科特点、社会需要、生活实践、学生个性特点及个人需要（包括近期目标和远期理想），对学生进行具有实质性内容的前途、理想教育，帮助学生明确学习目的，培养学习兴趣，从而健康、全面发展。否则，“为中华之崛起而读书”就成了一句空洞的口号。数学是一门理论性很强的自然科学，其本身内容的丰富性、逻辑的严密性及思维的灵活性均可培养学生的学习兴趣。考试是数学管理的一种必要手段。事实上，素质教育与应试教育是一对既对立又统一的矛盾，正是当前这一主要矛盾推动了现行教育的发展。只要我们的教学活动符合教育心理学的规律，符合学生的身心发育特征，符合教育三个面向及民族的需要，不是仅为了考试而教学，就不会走向应试教育。

本书将通过高中办学体制转型、高中数学教学模式、分层教学在高中数学教学中的应用、层次互动式在高中数学教学中的应用、网络环境下的数学教学等方面进行一定程度的论述。