In today’s world, the refined rate of chemical products has replaced the ethylene production, which has become a symbol of the development level of chemical industry in various countries. China and developed countries are carrying out strategic transfer of chemical industry, and vigorously accelerating the development of fine chemical industry. Fine chemical industry is a sunrise industry of chemical industry and an important part of modern high-tech field. It has become a new growth point with strong vitality and economic benefits for China’s chemical industry. In recent years, the developed countries have been increasing the research and development of fine chemicals. After decades of development in China, fine chemical products can basically meet the needs of national economic development, and have been widely used in daily life and various fields of national economy. Some fine chemical technology has entered the international advanced ranks. With the support of the state for the development of fine chemical industry and the continuous progress of high and new technology, the technical level and independent innovation ability of fine chemical industry in China will be improved rapidly in the future.
    This book is written by the author on the basis of many years of scientific research and teaching work in the field of fine chemical industry, referring to and summarizing the domestic and foreign technical documents about the production principle, process and process flow of fine chemical products. This book takes organic fine chemical products and new field fine chemical products as the core, takes the common and typical fine chemical product production process as an example, and discusses the corresponding production principle and process technology in detail, so as to facilitate the readers to master the relevant knowledge of fine chemical product production. The compilation system of the whole book is complete, with distinct engineering practice features and full and accurate materials. It not only suits the national conditions, but also tracks the engineering practice needs, pays attention to the combination of theory with practice, knowledge innovation, process and engineering innovation, and has strong theoretical and applicability. This book can be used as a reference for personnel engaged in the development, production, research, teaching, management and application of fine chemical products, as well as teaching materials for chemical engineering and technology, fine chemical industry, applied chemistry, petrochemical industry, pharmaceutical engineering, light chemical engineering, polymer material science and engineering, food science and engineering and other related majors in colleges and universities.
    Due to the rapid development of fine chemicals at home and abroad, covering a wide range, and the limitations of the author’s level and data collection, it is inevitable that there are some defects in the book. Readers are welcome to criticize and correct them.

前 言

当今世界，化工产品的精细化率已替代乙烯产量成为各国化学工业发展程度与水平的标志，我国及发达国家都正在对化学工业进行战略转移，大力加快精细化工的发展。精细化工是化学工业的朝阳产业，是当代高科技领域的重要组成部分，已成为我国化工行业具有较强生命力及经济效益的新增长点。近年来，工业发达国家不断加大精细化工的研制开发力度。而我国经过近几十年的发展，精细化工产品基本上可以满足国民经济发展的需要，现已被广泛应用于日常生活及国民经济中的各个领域，部分精细化工工艺技术已步入国际先进行列。随着国家对精细化工产业发展的扶持和高新技术的不断进步，未来我国精细化工的技术水平和自主创新能力将会得到快速提高。
  本书是作者在多年从事精细化工领域科研、教学工作的基础上，参阅并归纳国内外有关精细化工产品生产原理、工艺与工艺流程等技术文献资料编写而成。本书以有机精细化工产品及新领域精细化工产品为核心，以常用及典型的精细化工产品生产工艺为实例，对其相应的生产原理与工艺技术等进行详细的论述，便于读者掌握相关的精细化工产品生产知识。全书编排系统完整，工程实践特色鲜明，资料详实，既适合国情，又紧跟工程实践需求，注重理论联系实际、知识创新、工艺与工程创新，具有较强的理论性与适用性。本书可供从事精细化工产品开发、生产、研究、教学、管理和应用的人员参考，也可作为大专院校化学工程与工艺、精细化工、应用化学、石油化工、制药工程、轻化工程、高分子材料科学与工程、食品科学与工程等相关专业的教材。
  由于国内外精细化工发展较快，涉及范围广，加之作者水平和资料收集等条件所限，书中不妥之处在所难免，敬请广大读者批评指正。

With the development of China’s economy, China’s transportation industry has been greatly developed, and China’s highway industry has also made considerable development. However, the construction and maintenance of highways need to be further improved. Only by ensuring the normal operation of highway construction and maintenance, can we reduce the quality problems of highways in China and ensure the normal use of highways.
    There are six chapters in this book. The introduction part briefly introduces the current situation and future of China’s highway construction and development, and the achievements of the state and individuals in the field of highway construction. And then it introduces the road planning, measurement, design, construction machinery and materials and other road construction preparations, focusing on the subgrade, pavement construction technology, new problems and solutions in the process of highway construction project management and road maintenance, with a view to contribute to the stable and healthy development of China’s highway.

前 言

随着我国经济的发展，我国的交通运输行业得到了极大的发展，我国公路事业也取得了长足的发展。然而，公路的施工与养护方面需要进一步提升。只有保障公路施工与养护方面的正常运行，才能减少我国公路的质量问题，保障公路的正常使用。
  本书共六章，开篇绪论部分简单介绍了我国公路建设发展的现状、未来与国家、个人在公路施工领域所取得的成就。后分别介绍公路规划、测量、设计、施工机械与材料等公路施工前准备工作，重点突出路基、 路面施工技术，公路施工项目管理与公路养护过程中存在的新问题与解决措施，以期为我国公路的稳步、健康发展做出自己的贡献。

With the rapid development of China’s economy, construction has become the most dynamic industry. Throughout the country, tens of thousands of high-rise buildings have sprung up; the rapid development of highway and railway construction has made remarkable achievements. The crisscross highway network and railway network continue to extend and improve, effectively promoting the sustained, rapid and healthy growth of the national economy.
    Highway engineering construction project is a one-time project, which is characterized by large scale, many variable factors, strong mobility of construction units and fierce industry competition. These characteristics require that the management of the project must be strengthened, so that the highway construction enterprises can set up the construction organization, set up the construction team and organize the implementation process of the project according to the requirements of the project management. At the same time, it is necessary to ensure that the progress, quality, labor, machinery, materials, cost, safety, environment, data, completion acceptance and other aspects of the project can be coordinated with each other and well controlled to ensure the smooth completion of the project.
    At the same time, with the emergence of new technology, new technology, new equipment and new materials, the demand for highway engineering personnel is higher and higher. The professional level and management ability of technical personnel in the basic construction organization of highway engineering have become the key to the orderly, efficient and high-quality completion of highway engineering construction projects. In view of this situation, we have compiled Highway and Bridge Construction and Project Management to facilitate the use of highway engineering personnel.
    Due to the limited professional level and teaching level of the editor, insufficient data collection and collation, and short writing time, errors and deficiencies are inevitable.Readers are welcome to criticize and correct them for better revision in the future.

前 言

随着我国经济的快速发展，建设已成为当今最具有活力的一个行业。 纵观全国，数以万计的高楼拔地而起；公路、铁路建设发展迅猛，成就斐然，纵横交错的公路网和铁路网不断延伸、完善，有力地推动着国民经济持续快速健康增长。
  公路工程施工项目属于一次性工程，其特点是规模大、变动因素多、施工单位流动性强、行业竞争激烈，这些特性要求必须加大项目的管理工作，使公路施工企业按照项目管理要求设置施工组织机构，组建施工队伍，对工程项目实施过程组织。

同时，又要保证工程进度、质量、劳动、机械、材料、成本、安全、环境、资料、竣工验收等方面能相互协调，并得到很好的控制，以保证项目顺利完成。同时，新技术、新工艺、新设备，新材料的不断涌现，对公路工程人员的要求越来越高。公路工程基层施工组织中的技术人员的业务水平和管理能力的高低，已经成为公路工程建设项目能否有序、高效、高质量完成的关键。针对这种情况，我们编写了《公路桥梁施工与项目管理》，以方便公路工程人员使用。
  由于编者业务水平和教学水平有限，资料收集和整理不够，编写时间仓促，错误和不足之处在所难免，敬请读者批评和指正，以便再版时修正。

In order to adapt to the modern high-speed development of the transportation industry, the bridge is also extended to span mountains and rivers, bad geology or meet other traffic needs to set up buildings to make the traffic more convenient. It provides great convenience for people to travel. Since the 21st century, the construction of highway & bridge in our country has entered the most brilliant period. A large number of long-span cable-stayed bridges, suspension bridges and arch bridges with novel structure, complex technology, difficult design and construction, high modern grade and high technology content have been built in China. Rich experience in bridge design and construction has been accumulated. The construction level of highway & bridge in our country has ranked first in the world.
    As an important guarantee of human development, transportation has attracted more and more attention of human beings. As an important form of bridge construction, bridge has been developing and progressing constantly. This book aims at the development of bridge construction in our country, then analyzes the construction technology of highway & bridge, analyzes the common quality problems and prevention measures of bridge construction, and finally aims at the new technology, materials and technology in the public application of highway and bridge construction.
    The construction of highway & bridge engineering has characteristics of strong fluidity, many temporary facilities and complex construction procedures. These characteristics determine that the highway & bridge construction has a high safety risk. In addition to the rapid expansion of the scale of highway construction team and the uneven technical level of construction personnel, the construction safety technology and risk control is particularly important. “There is no small matter for safety and detail determine the success”. In the prevention and advanced control of the safety management of highway and bridge construction, we should pay attention to every small matter, pay attention to every detail, make the small matter detailed, make the details strict, practical and in place, and make safety to the refined management.
    Bridge plays an important role in the development of national economy in China. Standardization construction has become an important reference for bridge construction management, so as to ensure the safety of bridge construction, improve construction quality and create more economic and social benefits.
    Limited to the level of editors, mistakes and deficiencies are inevitable. Readers are welcome to criticize and correct the mistakes, omissions and irregularities found in the use of this book. It will be appreciated very much.

前 言

为适应现代高速发展的交通行业，桥梁亦引申为跨越山川、不良地质或满足其他交通需要而架设的使通行更加便捷的建筑物，为人们出行提供了极大的便利。 21世纪以来我国公路桥梁的建设进入了一个最辉煌的时期，在中华大地上建设了一大批结构新颖、技术复杂、设计和施工难度大、现代化品位和科技含量高的大跨径斜拉桥、悬索桥、拱桥，积累了丰富的桥梁设计和施工经验，我国公路桥梁建设水平已跻身于国际先进行列。
  交通作为人类发展的重要保证，越来越引起当今人类的重视，桥梁作为其中的一种重要形式，也不断地发展进步，本书针对我国桥梁建设的发展，其次分析公路桥梁施工技术，然后分析了桥梁工程施工质量通病及防治措施， 最后就针对新技术、新材料、新工艺在公路桥梁施工中的应用。
  公路桥梁工程施工有着流动性强、临时设施多、施工工序复杂等特点。这些特点决定了公路桥梁工程施工有着很高的安全风险， 加之公路建设队伍规模急剧扩张，施工人员技术水平参差不齐，其施工安全技术与风险控制就显得尤为重要。“安全无小事，细节决定成败”，在公路桥梁工程施工安全管理工作的事前预防、超前控制上，抓好每一件小事，重视每一个细节，把小事做细，把细节做严、做实、做到位，向精细化管理要安全。
  桥梁在我国国民经济发展过程中发挥了重要作用，标准化建设成为当前桥梁施工管理的重要参考依据，从而保证桥梁工程施工安全，提升施工质量，创造更多的经济效益和社会效益。
  限于编者水平，错误和不足之处在所难免，欢迎广大读者对本书使用过程中发现的错误、疏漏和不妥之处给予批评指正，不胜感激。  

Under the background of economic globalization and higher education internationalization, the financial work of colleges and universities is more and more important as the central work of personnel training, scientific research, social services and so on, and gradually moves from the edge of higher education management to the core of higher education management.
     Financial management is one of the core parts in the management of colleges and universities. It not only undertakes the important task of raising and distributing funds for colleges and universities, but also manages the funds of colleges and universities, such as accounting, supervision and assessment, which has a direct impact on the connotation and extension construction and development of teaching and scientific research. At the end of the 20th century, after a large-scale enrollment expansion, China’s higher education has gradually achieved popularization. With the continuous expansion of the scale of running a university, the increasingly complex economic activities, the contradiction between the supply and demand of funds is more prominent, the source and application of funds are diversified, so the financial situation of the university is facing a more complex situation. It is of great significance for the stable development of colleges and universities, the construction of education and the cultivation of social talents to study the financial management of colleges and universities in China.
     Under the development trend of market economy globalization, knowledge economy marketization and global economic integration, in order to better adapt to the needs of university running autonomy, diversified economic interests, complicated economic relations and refined financial management, and to further improve the needs of modern university management, the financial work in colleges and universities must focus on the reform and development of financial management, innovate the system, invigorate the mechanism, improve the system and standardize the management.
      Due to the limited time and ability, although we have done our best in the process of writing this book, there are still some mistakes and improprieties in the book. Readers are welcome to criticize and correct them.

前 言

在经济全球化、高等教育国际化背景下，高校的财务工作与人才培养、科学研究、社会服务等各项中心工作一样，其地位和作用越来越重要，并从高等教育管理的边缘逐渐走向高等教育管理的核心。

财务管理是高校管理工作中的核心部分之一，不仅承担着为高校筹集、分配资金的重要任务，同时还必须对高校资金进行核算、监督、考核等管理工作，其对教学科研内涵及外延建设和发展起着直接的影响。 在 20 世纪末经历了规模较大的扩招后，我国高等教育已逐步实现了大众化。随着高校办学规模的不断扩大，经济活动日益复杂，经费供求矛盾更加突出，资金来源与运用呈现多元化，因此高校财务面临着更加复杂的局面。研究我国高校财务管理问题，对高校稳定发展、对我国教育事业建设和社会人才培养都具有重要的意义。
  在市场经济全球化、知识经济市场化和全球经济一体化的发展趋势下，为更好地适应我国高校办学自主化、经济利益多元化、经济关系复杂化、财务管理精细化的需要，为进一步完善现代高校治理的需要，高校财务工作必须紧紧围绕财务管理改革与发展这一中心，创新体制，搞活机制，完善制度，规范管理。
  由于时间和能力有限，我们在本书的撰写过程中虽已尽心尽力，但书中难免存在错误和不当之处，敬请广大读者批评指正。