Since human beings have had nursing, nursing is people’s instinct and need for survival. In ancient society, nursing often symbolized maternal love and wife’s love for her husband. The initial sense of family or self-care has become the cradle of life growth, which develops with the existence of human beings and the understanding of nature. Modern nursing is based on the development of biomedicine after the middle ages. It is a comprehensive application technology of natural science and social science. Modern nursing technology contains the knowledge of natural science, such as biology, physics, chemistry, anatomy, physiology and so on, which puts forward higher requirements for the comprehensive quality of nursing staff. Modern nursing technology based on clinical nursing, adhering to the concept of people-oriented nursing, pay more attention to the cure and rehabilitation of patients. Rehabilitation nursing and family nursing are the extension of nursing technology after traditional nursing. Rehabilitation nursing is a dynamic process of helping the injured and disabled from the perspective of nursing, so that they can recover their physical, mental, emotional and social employment abilities to the maximum extent possible, so that they can be as independent as possible in their life, from passive acceptance of other people's care to self-care. Family nursing is to ensure the health of patients after discharge by family members’ monitoring. Based on clinical nursing, this book introduces the nursing of patients with internal diseases (including digestive system diseases and rheumatic diseases), prevention and control of nosocomial infection, rehabilitation of craniocerebral and orthopedic diseases, home care and home care of various catheters, which is used as a theoretical guidance textbook for patient monitoring and rehabilitation.

前 言

自有人类以来就有护理，护理是人们谋求生存的本能和需要。在古代社会，护理往往象征着母爱及妻子对丈夫的关爱。初始的家庭或自我护理意识成为抚育生命成长的摇篮，它伴随着人类的存在和人类对自然的认识而发展。近代护理是在中世纪之后生物医学发展的基础上起步的，是以自然科学和社会科学综合性应用技术。现代护理技术包含了自然科学，如生物学、物理学、化学、解剖学、生理学等知识，对护理人员的综合素质提出了更高的要求。现代护理技术以临床护理为基础，秉承以人为本的护理理念，更加注重病患的治愈与康复。康复护理与家庭护理是继传统护理之后，护理技术的延伸。康复护理是从护理角度帮助伤病残者，使他们在肉体、精神、情绪、社会就业方面的能力复原到可能达到的最大限度，以便他们在生活中尽可能地独立，从被动地接受他人护理，转变为自我护理的动态过程。家庭护理是通过家庭成员对病患的实施监护，保障病患出院以后的身体健康。本书以临床护理为基础，介绍了内科疾病患者的护理（包括消化系统疾病患者、风湿性疾病患者）、院内感染的预防与控制、颅脑与骨科疾病的康复、家庭护理以及各种导管的家庭护理，作为病患监护与康复的理论指导教材。

With the rapid development of China’s modernization, engineering construction needs more and more professionals with wide caliber and thick foundation. 

        Civil engineering is a comprehensive subject which involves a wide range. Because its construction objects are all kinds of engineering facilities closely related to people’s life, production and other fields, the construction of civil engineering projects plays an important role in China’s engineering construction. At the same time, in the construction process of civil engineering projects, the types of construction technology involved are complex, the number of construction machinery and equipment, materials and personnel is large, and the construction period is generally long. If each project wants to be completed successfully, it must be supervised and controlled by professional project management team from various aspects, such as quality, progress, cost, risk, etc.
        In order to ensure the smooth progress of construction, ensure that the construction is completed within the specified time, we must carry out effective and scientific management of civil engineering construction. With the rapid growth of social and economic level, the construction industry is facing more and more fierce market competition. Due to the complexity of civil engineering construction process, it is necessary to carry out project management of civil engineering to improve the effectiveness of project management. Under the premise of ensuring the construction quality, it can shorten the construction period and save the investment of construction cost, so it also puts forward higher requirements for the project management of civil construction engineering.

前 言

随着我国现代化建设事业的飞速发展，工程建设越来越需要宽口径、厚基础的专业人才。
        土木工程是一项涉及范围很广的综合性学科，由于其施工对象都是与人们生活、生产等领域息息相关的各种工程设施，因此土木工程项目的施工在我国工程建设中发挥着重要作用。同时，在土木工程项目的建设过程中，涉及的施工技术种类复杂，施工机械设备、材料及人员的数量众多，施工周期普遍较长，每个项目想要顺利完工都必须由专业的项目管理团队进行质量、进度、成本、风险等多方面、多角度的监督和控制。
        为了保证施工的顺利进行，保证施工在规定的时间内完成，必须对土木工程施工进行有效的科学的管理。随着社会经济水平的快速增长，建筑行业所面临的市场竞争越来越激烈，由于土木工程的建设过程具有一定的复杂性，所以有必要对土木工程进行项目管理，提高项目管理的有效性，能够在保证施工质量的前提下，缩短施工周期，节约施工成本的投入，所以对于土木建筑工程的项目管理也提出了更高的要求。

In different stages of railway construction, the corresponding construction organization design documents must be prepared, which is not only the programmatic document guiding the project construction, but also the basic guarantee for realizing the“six-in-one” management goal of railway engineering projects. Through the elaboration of the discipline formation, industry standard unification, role transformation and development trend of construction organization design, it shows that the importance of construction organization design is paid more and more attention by the construction industry, and gradually increases the role of project management. Due to the complexity of the construction process and the particularity of specific construction projects, the preparation of construction organization design can not keep pace with the times and there are many problems, which is urgent to actively promote the latest achievements such as “four new”,introduce advanced concepts such as standardization, digitization, deep integration of informatization and project management, fully reflect the content of “six modernizations”, and further improve the preparation level of construction organization design of the project.
        In China, the railway innovation and development takes the scientific development of railway transportation as the goal, strives for the construction of a harmonious society, focuses on the whole world, and constantly develops and innovates, and has made unprecedented achievements in the field of railway technology. To enhance the ability of technological innovation and management innovation is the two important contents of the innovative development of railway engineering projects, and has been working hard for it. At present, the lack of innovation power and the imperfect mechanism of technological innovation power are still the important factors restricting the development of railway. So how to improve the level of technological innovation, how to establish innovative management mode, is an important topic of innovative development of railway projects.

前 言

铁路工程在建设的不同阶段，必须编制相应的施工组织设计文件，是指导项目建设的纲领性文件，也是实现铁路工程项目“六位一体”管理目标的基本保证。通过对施工组织设计的学科形成、行业规范统一、角色转变和发展趋势的阐述，说明施工组织设计的重要性越来越被建筑行业所重视， 也逐步加大了对项目管理的作用。由于工程项目施工过程的复杂性和具体工程施工项目的特殊性，工程施工组织设计的编制不能与时俱进且存在很多问题，急需积极推广“四新”等最新成果，引入标准化、数字化、信息化与工程管理的深度融合等先进理念，充分体现“六化”内容，进一步提高工程项目施工组织设计的编制水平。
        在我国，铁路创新发展把铁路运输事业能实现科学发展为目标，为构建和谐社会而奋斗，着眼全世界，不断开拓创新，在铁路技术领域取得了前所未有的成果。提升技术创新能力和管理创新能力是铁路工程项目创新性发展的两个重要内容，并一直为之付出努力。当下创新动力不足和技术创新动力机制不完善等依然是制约铁路发展的重要因素。那么如何提高技术创新水平，如何建立创新性的管理模式，是铁路项目创新性发展需要研究的重要课题。

Exploration engineering is sometimes called exploration technology, which generally refers to the engineering technology related to geological exploration. In addition to the two main aspects of drilling and pit exploration, other projects that must be carried out in order to complete the geological exploration work, such as transportation, repair business, power supply and distribution, also belong to the scope of exploration engineering.
       Drilling engineering is divided into geological exploration drilling and engineering technology drilling. According to the geological design, the former uses the drilling equipment to drill through the rock strata at the predetermined location to obtain the physical data of rock samples, water samples, soil samples and so on, and carries out the underground physical measurement or groundwater dynamic observation through drilling, which is the most widely used in geological exploration. Geology is one of the seven natural sciences, which mainly studies the earth and its origin, evolution and development. Practical application is very extensive: earthquake prediction, all kinds of mineral exploration, exploration, disastrous landslides, paleontological evolution. For any object built on the ground, it is necessary to find out the underground situation in advance. Geological exploration is the discovery of deposits of industrial significance in the general survey of mineral resources. In order to find out the quality and quantity of mineral resources, as well as the technical conditions for mining and utilization, provide mineral reserves and geological data needed for mine construction and design, and investigate and study the geological conditions of rocks, strata, structures, minerals, hydrology and geomorphology in a certain area.
      Among them, physical exploration is called “geophysical exploration” for short. It is based on the differences of density, magnetism, electricity, elasticity, radioactivity and other physical properties of various rocks and ores. Different physical methods and geophysical instruments are used to detect the changes of natural or artificial geophysical fields. Through analyzing and studying the geophysical data obtained, the geological structure and mineral distribution can be inferred and explained. The main geophysical methods include gravity exploration, magnetic exploration, electrical exploration, seismic exploration, radioactive exploration, etc. According to the different working space, it can be divided into ground geophysical prospecting, aviation geophysical prospecting, marine geophysical prospecting, borehole geophysical prospecting and so on.

前 言

探矿工程有时也称勘探技术，一般泛指地质勘探工作中有关的工程技术。除钻探和坑探两个主要方面外，凡为了完成地质勘探工作而必须进行的其他工程，如交通运输、修配业务、动力供配等，也都属探矿工程的范畴。其中钻探工程又分为地质勘探钻进和工程技术钻进两种。前者根据地质设计，在预定地点，利用钻探设备钻穿岩层，取得岩样、水样、土样等实物资料，并通过钻孔进行地下物理测量或地下水动态观测等，在地质勘探中应用最广。
       "地质"，准确的应叫地质学，习惯了就叫地质。地质学是七大自然科学之一，主要是研究地球及其成因和演化发展。实际应用是非常广泛的:地震的预测、各类矿产的寻找、勘探，灾害性的滑坡，古生物的演化。凡是建筑在地面上的物体，都要事先搞清楚地下的情况。地质勘探是在对矿产普查中发现有工业意义的矿床，为查明矿产的质和量，以及开采利用的技术条件，提供矿山建设设计所需要的矿产储量和地质资料，对一定地区内的岩石、地层、构造、矿产、水文、地貌等地质情况进行调查研究工作。
       其中物理勘探简称"物探"，是以各种岩石和矿石的密度、磁性、电性、弹性、放射性等物理性质的差异为研究基础，用不同的物理方法和物探仪器，探测天然的或人工的地球物理场的变化，通过分析、研究获得的物探资料，推断、解释地质构造和矿产分布情况。主要的物探方法有重力勘探、磁法勘探、电法勘探、地震勘探、放射性勘探等。依据工作空间的不同，又可分为地面物探、航空物探、海洋物探、井中物探等。

水文水资源工程作为重要的民生工程，在实际的建设过程中对于社会的影响尤其重要。在这其中设计到多方面的内容，其是一种专业化程度较高的建设工程，工程建设的质量将直接影响到水文水利工程的整体使用质量，因此必须做好必要的工作和管理制度的建设，以保证工程最终的质量得到保障，强化水文水资源的建设管理，提高工程建设的质量，满足社会发展的实际需要。主要的重点就体现在，首先能够提高社会经济的发展和进步，帮助推动社会技术的进步和提高，逐步的带动经济的发展；其次，对于实际的工程建设质量的管理，能够促使建设团队提高对于工程的建设重视程度，从而使得在工程建设的方面提高质量；最后，对水文水利工程的建设质量进行管理和控制，能够在最大程度上提高建设效率，降低建设难度，主要体现在，工程建设过程中需要经过多个复杂的环节，因此通过对建设的管理就能够确保工程环节能够顺利对接，从而保证最终的建设质量和标准。
       水文水资源工程的建设关乎到社会以及民众的生活质量和生活水平，因此在现代社会中关于其工程的建设应该把握主要的建设标准和建设制度，将质量作为主要的建设目标进行，使得水文水资源工程的使用能够造福社会和人民，为水力资源的利用方面提供基础的保障。此外，现阶段关于水文水资源工程建设的管理中仍有部分不足之处， 致使在工程建设过程中出现质量问题， 严重影响最终的使用， 本书《水文水资源工程与水生态管理》通过对水文水资源工程与水生态管理进行了探讨和研究，旨在解决当前工程建设管理当中出现的问题，以供参考。