Ship power station is the core of ship and its power system. Ship power station automation is an important part of ship engine room automation. With the rapid development of shipbuilding industry, the ship’s large-scale and automation, as well as the continuous development of electronic information technology and automatic control technology, especially in recent years, with the development of computer technology, control technology, communication technology, network technology and so on, the ship has appeared a network-based integrated automation system for ship power station. The automation system of marine power station is developing towards the integration and networking of monitoring.
    With the rapid development of the shipbuilding industry, the large-scale and high-tech of the ship are becoming increasingly prominent. There are many new concepts, new technologies and new equipment in the marine power system and automation device. The former teaching materials can not meet the requirements of the times, and the new teaching materials related to ship power station and system are very few.

前 言

船舶电站是船舶及其电力系统的核心，船舶电站自动化是船舶机舱自动化的重要组成部分。随着船舶工业的飞速发展，船舶大型化和自动化以及电子信息技术和自动控制技术不断发展，特别是近几年来计算机技术、控制技术、通信技术、网络技术等的发展，船舶上已出现集监、控、管于一体的网络型船舶电站综合自动化系统。船舶电站自动化系统正向着监控的综合化和网络化方向发展。
       伴随着船舶行业的快速发展，船舶的大型化和高科技日趋显著。突出表现在船舶电力系统及自动化装置方面，出现了许多新观念、新技术、新设备，以往的教材已不能满足时代的要求，而涉及到船舶电站及系统的新教材更是少之甚少。

Land is the basis of human survival, is an important means of production, but also the source of all social material wealth. Nowadays, the population, resources, environment and food problems are all related to land. Reasonable planning, development and utilization of limited land resources to realize the sustainable development of society and economy have become an important topic of concern of governments all over the world and the focus of academic circles. China is the largest developing country in the world with a large population. The per capita land, cultivated land, woodland and grassland are 0.84 Hm2, 0.11 Hm2, 0.11 hm2 and 0.25 Hm2, respectively, which are only 60% - 80% of the world’s average level of similar land use, ranking 120th, 114th, 120th and 84th in 160 countries in the world. With the development of social economy and the continuous growth of population, the contradiction between people and land in China will be increasingly acute. Therefore, it is very important to cherish and reasonably utilize extremely limited land resources and coordinate the relationship between people and land.          Since China’s reform and opening up, urban and rural development is in the process of scale expansion, which has induced many contradictions and conflicts. The contradiction between limited land resources and unlimited development needs will exist for a long time in China’s social development. Economical and intensive land use is the way to solve the problem in this state, but it is not the ultimate goal to use land economically and intensively. The ultimate goal is to make efficient use of land, promote development and ecological harmony. For a long time, China’s economic development is mainly driven by the extensive mode of cheap land and cheap labor force, resulting in the low degree of land intensification, and the scale of construction land is close to the future index. However, construction land still plays an irreplaceable role in promoting economic development. The sustainable use of construction land will exist for a long time with the development of human society. At present, it is not enough to pay attention to the utilization and benefit of the stock land. Only by making the stock land play a revolutionary role in the transformation of the development mode is the foundation that the developed regions should set an example for the national development strategy.

前 言

土地是人类赖以生存的基础，是重要的生产资料，也是一切社会物质财富的源泉。当今世界所面临的人口、资源、环境和粮食等几大难题，无一不与土地相关，合理规划、开发和利用有限的土地资源，实现社会、经济的可持续发展，已成为世界各国政府所关注的重要议题，也成为当今学术界关注的焦点。我国是世界上最大的发展中国家，人口众多，人均土地、耕地、林地和草地分别为 0.84hm2、 0.11hm2、0.11hm2 和 0.25hm2，仅为世界同类用地平均水平的 60%~80%，在全世界 160 个国家中分别位居第 120、 114、 120 和 84 位， 而随着社会经济的发展和人口的继续增长，我国的人地矛盾将日趋尖锐。因此，十分珍惜、合理利用极其有限的土地资源，协调人地关系显得尤为重要。
       中国自改革开放以来，城乡发展均处于规模扩张过程，诱发了众多的矛盾与冲突。有限的土地资源与无限的发展需求之间的矛盾将会在中国社会发展中长期存在。节约、集约用地就是在这种状态下所产生的解决问题的办法，但节约、集约用地并不是最终目的，高效利用、促进发展、生态和谐才是终极目标。长期以来，我国经济发展主要以廉价土地和廉价劳动力的粗放式带动为主，致使土地的集约化程度较低，并使建设用地规模量迫近未来的指标。但建设用地在促进经济发展中依然起着其他资源所不能替代的作用，建设用地的永续利用将伴随着人类社会的发展而长期存在。目前，仅仅关注存量土地的利用与利用效益是不够的，使存量土地在发展方式转变中起到革命性的变革作用，才是发达地区应该为国家的发展战略起表率作用的根本。

In today’s daily life, ceramics has become a common product, with a variety of categories. However, how many ordinary people know whether the materials of these products are ceramic or porcelain, what are the differences and connections between the two, how the ceramics are made, what is the process of its development and evolution, how its skills are inherited, how is the relationship between ceramics and Chinese traditional culture, and how its influence in the world is? It is no doubt that it’s hard to answer.
    In recent years, the improvement of the people’s material living standard has triggered the demand for spiritual culture. The society’s attention to traditional culture and the development of tourism economy have stimulated the economy of antiques and artworks. The collection activities have gradually gone out of the original intellectuals based literati level, and extended to all social strata and groups of different ages. Folk collection organizations have also been established, and a number of private museums have emerged, and folk collection activities have shown unprecedented prosperity. The intangible cultural heritage has rich and unique cultural connotation, which embodies the spirit of the Chinese nation in the transmission. Our first task is to inherit and carry forward the essence of traditional skills handed down from generation to generation. Nowadays, many of the past brilliant “non heritage” skills are on the verge of extinction, so the main purpose of the book is to preserve the essence skills.
    In the compilation and revision of this book, due to the lack of detailed data collection and the limitation of the editor’s level, there are inevitably errors and mistakes in this book. Readers are welcome to criticize and correct it.

前 言

在当今人们的日常生活中，陶瓷已经成为一种司空见惯的产品，其品类林林总总，形形色色，五花八门。但是，普通民众又有多少人知道，这些产品的材质到底是陶的还是瓷的，两者有什么区别和联系，陶瓷是如何制作出来的，其发展演变的过程如何，其技艺又是如何传承下来的，陶瓷与中国传统文化的关系如何，在世界上的影响力如何等，这些问题对于他们来说，无疑是很难回答出来的。
       近年来，人民群众物质生活水平的提高引发了对精神文化的需求，社会对传统文化的重视以及旅游经济的发展又刺激了古玩艺术品经济升温。收藏活动逐渐走出原来的以知识分子为主的文人雅士的层面，扩展到社会的各个阶层、不同年龄段群体。民间收藏组织也相继成立，并出现了一批私立博物馆，民间收藏活动呈现出前所未有的繁荣景象。非物质文化遗产具有丰富而独特的文化内涵，它在薪火相传中体现了中华民族的精神。我们的首要任务就是传承，将祖祖辈辈流传下来的传统技艺的精华保留下来并发扬光大。如今，很多昔日辉煌的“非遗”技艺濒临失传，故丛书的首要目的就是留存精华技艺。
       本书在编写和修订中由于资料的收集尚欠详尽，加之编者水平所限，难免有错
误和不当之处，敬请读者指正。

China is a country with numerous water conservancy projects, with a history of water control as long as Chinese civilization, and has made a splendid achievement. From the world-famous Dujiangyan Irrigation System to the magnificent Three Gorges Project, and From the “dingjiuzhou” of Dayu’s flood control to the “Three Guarantees” of millions of soldiers and people in the “98 Flood” (to ensure the safety of the Yangtze River main dike, important cities and people’s lives), the Chinese nation has been united and developed in the struggle against water disasters. Special geographical condition determines that eliminating water disasters and promoting water conservancy are very important for national governance. Splendid water conservancy makes stable country, and rich provisionment makes prosperous industries. Individuals who were good at national governance did attach great importance to water control in all previous dynasties. Many water conservancy projects with great technical difficulties such as the Dujiangyan Irrigation System, the Yellow River Dike, the North-South Grand Canal have been built in the past thousands of years. In the struggle against flood, the plugging method combining horizontal plugging with vertical plugging has been created, as well as the construction experience of grass-soil cofferdam has been obtained. These great water conservancy projects and unique construction techniques still play a role and effectively promote the development of water conservancy and hydropower construction in our country. 

  Despite those great achievements, it should be recognized that there is still a big gap between China and those advanced countries in the water conservancy construction. For example, the study, popularization and use of new technology and process are insufficient; the construction machinery is still relatively backward because of a lack of accessories, which leads to a low utilization and level of construction organization and management. The above examples are not compatible with the development of China’s hydropower construction, which requires us to sum up past experiences and lessons, and strive to learn and introduce foreign advanced technology and scientific management methods, to find a new way for the construction of water conservancy and hydropower projects which issuitable for the garden situation of our country.

前 言

我国是水利大国，与华夏文明一样，治水的历史源远流长，治水的成就灿烂辉煌。从举世闻名的都江堰，到气势磅礴的三峡工程；从大禹治水的“定九州”，到“98 大洪水”百万军民的“三个确保”（确保长江干堤安全，确保重要城市安全、确保人民生命安全），中华民族在与水的抗争中得到凝聚和发展。特殊的自然地理条件，决定了除水害、兴水利历来是我国治国安邦的大事。水利兴则天下定，仓廪实，百业兴。历代善治国者均以治水为重。几千年来，修建了都江堰工程、黄河大堤、南北大运河以及其他许多施工技术难度大的水利工程。在抗洪斗争中，创造了平堵与立堵相结合的堵口方法，取得了草土围堰等施工经验。这些伟大的水利工程和独特的施工技术，至今仍发挥着作用，有力地促进了我国水利水电建设的发展。
       在取得巨大成就的同时，应认识到我国施工水平与先进国家相比尚有较大差距。如新技术、新工艺的研究、推广、使用不够；施工机械还比较落后，配套不齐，利用率不充分，施工组织管理水平不高。这些和我国水电建设事业的发展是不相适应的，这就要求我们必须认真总结过去的经验和教训，努力学习和引进国外先进的技术和科学的管理方法，走出一条适合我国园情的水利水电工程建设新路。

The construction of water conservancy project is the work of building water conservancy project according to the requirements of engineering structure, quantity, quality, etc. The application, operation, maintenance and protection of water conservancy projects are an important part of water conservancy project management. After the completion of water conservancy projects, effective management must be adopted to achieve the expected effect and verify the correctness of the original planning and design; The basic task of project management is to maintain the integrity and safety of engineering buildings and equipment, and make them in good technical condition; In order to control, regulate, distribute and use water resources, and give full play to the benefits of flood control, irrigation, water supply, drainage, power generation, shipping and environmental protection, we should use the water conservancy engineering equipment correctly.
  In recent years, with the formulation and implementation of a series of water conservancy and hydropower engineering regulations, specifications and rules and regulations, the water conservancy and hydropower infrastructure construction procedures are further standardized, and the quality of water conservancy and hydropower projects and the overall construction level are improved and guaranteed. However, as the front-line staff of water conservancy and hydropower construction, especially the quality inspection and control personnel who control and ensure the project quality, it is difficult to be familiar with and master the new rules and regulations as soon as possible, and use them freely in practical work; At the same time, it is difficult to apply new materials, new technologies, new processes and new methods to improve the scientificity of engineering construction activities. In many years of water conservancy and hydropower project construction practice, the author deeply realizes that the first-line quality inspector urgently needs a reference book to solve the above practical problems systematically, advanced and scientifically

前 言

水利工程施工是按照设计提出的工程结构、数量、质量、等要求修建水利工程的工作。水利工程的运用、操作、维修和保护工作，是水利工程管理的重要组成部分，水利工程建成后，必须通过有效的管理，才能实现预期的效果和验证原来规划、设计的正确性；工程管理的基本任务是保持工程建筑物和设备的完整、安全，使其处于良好的技术状况；正确运用水利工程设备，以控制、调节、分配、使用水资源，充分发挥其防洪、灌溉、供水、排水、发电、航运、环境保护等效益。
       近年来，随着一系列水利水电工程规程、规范和规章制度的制定实施，进一步规范了水利水电基本建设程序，提高和保证了水利水电工程质量，以及整体建设的水平。但是，作为水利水电建设的一线工作人员，尤其是控制和保证工程质量的质量检查和控制人员，很难尽快熟悉掌握新的规程规范，并在实际工作中自如运用；同时难以将新材料、新技术、新工艺、新方法应用于提高工程建设活动的科学性中。作者在多年水利水电工程建设实践中深切地认识到一线质量检查员迫切需要一本能系统、先进、科学解决以上实际问题的工具书。