随着社会经济的发展和人们生活水平的提高，对建筑结构设计也提出了更高的 要求。对于每一个设计都是一种学习过程，要在这些过程中不断进步，发展先进计 算理论，加强计算机的应用，加快新型高强、轻质、环保建材的研究与应用，使混 凝土结构设计更加安全、适用、可靠、经济是当务之急。这就让我们来共同学习， 为结构设计的发展作出应有的贡献。 混凝土结构设计质量密切关系到人民生命财产的安全，责任重大。混凝土结构 设计本身是一个长期、复杂兼具深度和广度的专业。19 世纪下半期开始，钢筋混凝 土作为结构材料在工业文明的潮流下广泛得到应用，并且因为其本身的材料特性优 于其他结构材料而在房屋建筑和土木工程中也得到空前的应用和发展，而后相继在 材料、设计方法、制作工艺、施工技术等方面也大显身手。目前，随着我国经济的 飞速发展，城市面貌日新月异，一栋栋高楼大厦拔地而起。混凝土也已经成为我国 工程建设中最主要的结构材料之一。随着我国建筑业的迅猛发展，随着建筑功能的 不断丰富，新颖的造型，致使工程设计越来越复杂，但目前的设计周期普遍偏短， 也使设计文件中普遍存在某些质量问题，因而在混凝土结构设计过程中，一些影响 混凝土质量的问题必须引起工程设计人员的重视。

教育是人类自古以来的社会现象，是培养新一代准备从事社会建设的整个过程的工作者。专门进行教育的场所是学校，专门从事对新一代进行培养的人就是教师。教师这一职业最早见于孔子居杏坛授徒的记载。因孔子开了教师职业的先河而史称师圣。孔子为授徒和传承人类文明而写了《论语》；荀子为让后生认真学习而写了《劝学篇》；韩愈为规范教师职责而写了《师说》；著名的北京师范大学为勉励学生毕业后当好教师而以“学为人师、行为世范”为校训。

Highway bridge plays a very important role in urban transportation, which strengthens the communication and exchange between cities, and has become the actual needs of modern economic development. The safety of highway bridges is an important factor affecting the development of transportation. In order to better improve the quality and safety of highway bridges, it is necessary to strengthen the supervision of the construction process of highway bridges and the maintenance after putting into use, so as to effectively ensure the construction safety and use safety of highway bridges, and make the highway bridges give full play to their important value.
      According to the construction environment of highway bridge engineering, considering the influence of geographical environment and climate, scientific and reasonable construction design is carried out. We should strengthen the construction management and improve the relevant construction technology to ensure the smooth progress of the project under the environmental conditions and avoid the impact of environmental factors on the quality of the project. Bad weather and natural disasters will have a certain impact on the quality of highway bridges. In the design of highway bridges, we should consider the resistance of highway bridges to environmental factors after they are put into use. In the maintenance of highway bridges, it is also necessary to take effective protective measures against a variety of environmental factors to improve the safety and stability of highway bridges. The rapid development of highway and bridge construction in China has laid a solid foundation for the rapid development of China’s economy. But in its construction technology and maintenance program, there are still deficiencies, which have a certain impact on the quality of highway bridges. How to do a good job in the construction technology and maintenance scheme of highway and bridge engineering is one of the problems to be solved by relevant enterprises.

前 言

公路桥梁在城市交通运输当中起到了极为重要的作用，加强了城市间的沟通与交流，已经成为现代经济发展的实际需要。公路桥梁的安全问题，是影响交通运输发展的重要因素。为了更好的提升公路桥梁的质量安全，需要对公路桥梁工程的施工过程的监管以及投入使用后的养护加强管理，以有效地保证公路桥梁上的施工安
全和使用安全，使公路桥梁充分发挥其重要的价值。
        根据公路桥梁工程的施工建设环境，考虑到地理环境和气候的影响，进行科学合理的施工设计。加强施工管理，对相关施工技术进行改进和完善，以保证在该环境条件下工程能够顺利进行，避免由于环境因素而对工程质量造成影响。恶劣天气以及自然灾害会对公路桥梁的质量造成一定的影响，在公路桥梁的设计当中，要考虑到公路桥梁在投入使用后对于环境因素影响的抵抗能力。在公路桥梁的养护方面，也需要针对多种环境因素进行有效的防护措施，以提高公路桥梁更加安全稳固。
        我国的公路桥梁建设得到快速发展，为我国经济高速发展打下了坚实的基础。但是在其施工技术与养护方案上，仍然存在着不足，这样就对公路桥梁的质量产生了一定的影响。如何才能从根本上将公路桥梁工程的施工技术与养护方案工作做好，是相关企业亟待解决的问题之一。

In recent year, great changes has taken place in the disciple system of engineering appraisal course. On the basis of maintaining he basic theories and methods that conform to the law of construction production in the original discipline system, it has constantly adopted means and methods of engineering cost commonly used in western developed countries and the world, based on the traditional management system of estimated budget and quota adapted to the planned economy, we comprehensively established the price mechanism system based on the market formation price, including the bill valuation mode, and introduces the Highway project cost management model which meets the need of market economy development. From planned price to the market price, the construction market demands more and more on the marketization degree of budget pricing. All participants in the construction market must reform the original budget market management system, combining with reform, to establish an effective cost management system.
        Highway transportation is an important and leading industry for economic and social development, it is also an important service industry concerning people’s livelihood. In recent years, we have made remarkable achievements in transportation infrastructure construction, and also contributed to the national economic and social development as well as the people's safe and convenient travel. Highway cost management is an indispensable important work in highway construction, the most basic content of the highway cost management is to reasonably determine and effectively control the project cost. The reasonable determination of the project cost is to adopt scientific methods and practical valuation on each stage of project construction, according to the reasonable determination of the project cost, to determine the design estimate, construction drawing budget, contract price, settlement price and final settlement price for completion, ect.

前 言

近年来，工程造价课程在学科体系上发生了巨大的变化，它在保持原有学科体系中符合建筑生产规律的基本理论方法的基础上，不断吸收西方发达国家和国际上通行的工程造价的手段和方法.由传统的与计划经济相适应的概预算定额管理制度体系，全面阐述建立起以市场形成价格为主的价格机制体系，包括公路工程工程量清单计价等，引入国际通行的适应市场经济发展需要的公路工程造价管理模式。从计划价指导价到市场价，建筑市场对预算计价的市场化程度要求越来越高，建筑市场的各类参与主体必须改革原有的预算管理体制，结合报价方式的改革，通过两者之间的紧密结合，从而建立起一套行之有效的造价管理系统。
        公路交通是经济社会发展的重要基础性和先导性产业，也是事关国计民生的重要服务性行业。近年来，我国的交通基础设施建设取得了举世瞩目的成就，为国民经济和社会发展以及人民群众的安全、便捷出行做出了贡献。公路工程造价管理是公路建设不可或缺的一项重要工作，而公路工程造价管理最基本的内容，是合理确定和有效控制工程造价。工程造价的合理确定就是在工程建设各个阶段采用科学的方法和切合实际的计价依据合理确定投资估算、设计概算、施工图预算、承包合同价、结算价和竣工决算价等。

Engineering logistics is a very important part of modern logistics. It can effectively solve the material transportation problems appeared in the construction of engineering projects and supporting and other aspects of some large-scale conferences. The characteristics of engineering logistics are high risk, timeliness and one-time completion of the project. In the process of its transportation and loading, there is a constant need for special equipment and the cooperation between several logistics enterprises which can offer different modes of transportation. Equipment dismantling, moving, packing, encasing, binding, customs clearance, sea transportation, air transportation, land transportation, unpacking and installation all belong to the service scope of engineering logistics. Because of its large scale, complex structure, wide range of design and strong uncertainty, engineering logistics has become a complex system engineering. In the process of its implementation, it is necessary to combine the theory of system engineering with the theory of logistics system planning, control and management to select the transportation scheme which should have good adaptability to deal with the uncertain factors appeared in the logistics chains.

前 言

工程物流是现代物流中很重要的组成部分，它能够很好的解决工程项目建设的物资运输以及一些大型会议、支援等方面的物资运输问题。工程物流的特点是风险性高、时效性强、项目一次性完成；其运输装卸过程中往往需要专用特殊设备，并且需要几种运输方式结合，协同多家物流企业联合操作。设备拆卸、搬移、包装、装箱、绑扎系固、通关、海运、空运、陆运、拆箱、安装等都属于工程物流的服务范围。工程物流因其规模庞大、结构复杂、设计范围广泛、不确定性强等特点，使其成为一项复杂的系统工程。在其实施过程中，需要采用系统工程理论方法结合物流系统规划、控制和管理理论选择运输方案，并要求所采用的运输方案有具有很好的适应性来应对物流链条中的不确定性因素。