Since the first use of ether in clinical anesthesia in the mid-19th century, anesthesiology has undergone 160 years of development. Modern anesthesiology has become a comprehensive clinical subject based on physiology, pathophysiology and pharmacology. Its scope covers clinical anesthesia, emergency resuscitation, severe monitoring and pain treatment and other aspects.In terms of clinical anesthesia, although the anesthesia operation is similar, the operation can involve brain, chest, abdominal cavity and other important organs. More importantly, the operation patients may also be complicated with hypertension, coronary heart disease, diabetes and other organ system diseases, so almost no case of anesthesia treatment is completely the same. Therefore, anesthesiologists should not only be proficient in the theory and technology of clinical anesthesia and monitoring, but also fully understand the physiological, pathological changes and disturbances of surgical patients, as well as the interaction among the three under different conditions. Only in this way can we cope with the ever-changing clinical situation and regulate the internal environment and nuanced links of perioperative patients.

 In recent years, anesthesiology has made rapid development in China, including clinical anesthesia, treatment of critically ill patients and pain treatment. This puts forward higher requirements for clinical anesthesiologists. Anesthesiologists should not only be proficient in the theory and technology of clinical anesthesia and monitoring, and fully grasp the properties and efficacy of various anesthetics, but also have a full understanding of the physiological state, pathological changes and various effects of surgery on patients.
    Anesthesia is a variety of methods to eliminate pain in order to ensure the safety of patients and create good surgical conditions during operation or diagnostic examination. It is also used to control pain. With the rapid development of science and technology, anesthesiology has undergone profound changes in clinical anesthesia, first aid and resuscitation, severe monitoring and pain treatment. The research progress of physiology, pharmacology, pathology, surgery and molecular biology has enriched the theory of anesthesiology and promoted the progress of anesthesia technology.

前 言

自 19 世纪中叶首次将乙醚用于临床麻醉以来，麻醉学已经历了 160 年的发展，现代麻醉学已成为一门以生理、病理生理、药理为基础的综合性临床学科，其范畴涵盖临床麻醉、急救复苏、重症监测以及疼痛治疗等诸多方面。仅就临床麻醉而言，虽然麻醉操作大同小异，但手术可涉及颅脑、心胸、腹腔等重要器官，更为重要的是手术病人还可能合并高血压、冠心病、糖尿病等各个器官系统的疾病，因此几乎没有 1 例麻醉的处理完全相同。这就要求麻醉科医师不仅精通临床麻醉及监测的理论和技术，更要充分理解手术病人的生理、病理变化及扰乱，以及不同病情下手术麻醉三者的交互影响。唯此才能应对千变万化的临床情况，才能调控围术期病人的内环境及细致入微的各个环节。
      近年来，我国麻醉学取得飞速的发展，包括临床麻醉、危重病人的处理及疼痛治疗。这就对临床麻醉医师提出了更高的要求，麻醉医师不仅要精通临床麻醉及监测的有关理论和技术，充分掌握各种麻醉药的药性及药效，还要对手术病人的生理状态、病理改变及手术对病人可能产生的各种影响有充分的理解。

麻醉是施行手术或进行诊断性检查时，为保障患者安全、创造良好的手术条件而采取的消除疼痛的各种方法，亦用于控制疼痛。在科技高速发展的今天，麻醉学在临床麻醉、急救复苏、重症监测和疼痛治疗等方面发生了深刻的变化。生理、药理、病理学、外科学和分子生物学的研究进展，更加丰富和充实了麻醉学的理论，促进了麻醉技术的进步。

For a long time, the helplessness felt by the engineering and technical personnel in the front line of broadcasting technology and the ones who have just graduated from schools can be easily perceived. Facing the complex broadcasting system, they try to integrate into the broadcasting industry as soon as possible but in most cases, they don’t know how to achieve it. Without an effective, comprehensive and systematic guide book, they can only integrate into the industry by relying on their knowledge learned before and groping and re-studying by themselves. This procedure always takes a long time, ranging from three years to ten years, or even longer. Besides, the engineering personnel who engage in the specific part of broadcasting system always feel the difficulty of grasping the relative knowledge from the system level because of the limitation of their business. This also cause the waste of time, manpower cost and national resources.

   Entering the 21 centuries, China will speed up the implementation of the “smart radio and television” strategy, whose main purpose is to create the smart media and new smart kinetic energy and strengthen the ability of sustainable development. At present, China is striving to promote integration and innovation in ideas, contents, genres, forms, methods, means, formats, systems and mechanisms in order to form new thinking concepts, new technical means, and new systems and mechanisms that meet the requirements of the new development concept.

   China also requires the radio, television and other media to make great efforts to strengthen the construction of their international communication capacity. With rich information, distinct Chinese perspective and broad world vision, the media will publicize and explain China’s roads, China’s theories and China’s institutions to the international community and show the good image of China as a builder of world peace, a contributor to global development and a defender of international order. Besides, the radio and television are required to give a good narration of Chinese story and a wide spread of Chinese voice, work hard on “the Belt and Road Initiatives”, consolidate the mainstream of Africa, open up Latin American market, stabilize the neighboring countries, enhance the influence on Europe and America and make further efforts to serve the national strategy.

前 言

长期以来，深感从事广播技术第一线的工程技术人员以及刚走出校门的技术人员，在从事广播系统工程时，常常对纷繁复杂的广播系统感到无从下手，虽然他们都想尽快融入广播事业中，但总觉得缺乏一种有效的、较全面的、系统的指导书，全靠自已结合原先学到的知识，再摸索和再学习总结，这个周期往往很长，少则三五年，多则十年八年，甚至还更久。还有就是由于每个从事具体局部系统工作的工程人员，受所从事的业务面的限制，也往往很难从系统的层面来较全面把握这些知识，从而造成时间和人力成本的浪费，造成国家资源的浪费。
       进入 21 世纪， 国家将加快实施“智慧广电” 战略， 其主旨在于打造智慧融媒体，创造智慧新动能，增强持续发展能力。目前，国家正着力推动融合创新，创新理念、内容、体裁、形式、方法、手段、业态、体制、机制，形成符合新发展理念要求的新思维观念、新技术手段、新体制机制。
       国家还要求广播电视等媒体下大力气加强国际传播能力建设，以丰富的信息资讯、鲜明的中国视角、广阔的世界眼光，向国际社会宣传阐释中国道路、中国理论、中国制度，展示中国作为世界和平的建设者、全球发展的贡献者、国际秩序的维护者的良好形象；要求广播电视讲好中国故事、 传播好中国声音，深耕“一带一路”、巩固非洲主流、开拓拉美市场、稳固周边友邻、提升对欧美的影响，进一步服务好国家战略。

With the continuous development of economy, public construction infrastructure projects are also constantly improving. In this regard, highway engineering construction is the most fundamental infrastructure construction. In highway construction, a large amount of land is needed, and a large amount of funds are needed. At the same time, a large amount of land will be reclaimed. However, it requires strengthening the design work in the early stage of highway construction to make better use of land. At the same time, highway as an important infrastructure of social and economic development, with the concept of green development proposed, the construction of green highway has become the trend. At present, China’s highway construction is basically in accordance with the mode of “low consumption, low emission, low pollution, high efficiency, high efficiency and high efficiency”. Energy saving and emission reduction, ecological and environmental protection technologies have been applied in the construction, management systems have been established, and publicity and training work has been carried out.
   This book will be on highway safety design, highway landscape design based on traffic safety, ecological highway design concept and implementation, ecological highway slope restoration, green highway construction, green highway management evaluation of sustainable development concept, etc.

前 言

随着经济的不断发展，公共建设基础工程也在不断地提高，对此，公路工程建设是最根本的基础建设，而在公路建设中则需要大量的土地，需要大量的资金，在建设的同时会开垦大量的土地，然而如何能够更好地利用土地，这就需要加强公路建设前期的设计工作。同时，公路作为社会经济发展的重要基础设施，伴随着绿色发展概念的提出， 建设绿色公路已是潮流所趋。 目前， 我国公路建设基本上按照“低消耗、低排放、低污染，高效能、高效率、高效益”的模式建设，已经在建设中应用节能减排，生态环保技术，建立了管理制度，开展了宣传培训工作。
      本书将通过对公路安全设计、基于交通安全的公路景观设计、生态公路设计理念与实现、生态公路边坡恢复、绿色公路建设、可持续发展理念的绿色公路管理评价等方面进行了一定的阐述。

Roads, bridges, water conservancy, industrial and civil buildings are all civil engineering. Civil engineering construction is the basic construction of national economy, which plays an important role in the development of national economy.

  The project construction includes several stages of survey, planning, design and construction. Among them, the construction stage is the stage of turning the design into a real object, which is a very important stage of engineering construction management. Our country adopts the contract system. In order to complete the project tasks and obtain more profits according to the construction period, quality and cost stipulated in the contract, the contractor must carry out effective construction management in addition to relying on skilled construction team and advanced construction equipment. Management can not replace technology, but management is technology management, so we should attach great importance to management.

  The mechanization of highway and bridge engineering construction refers to that in the construction process of the whole project, the mechanical equipment and machines and tools used in each process are integrated and connected in sequence according to the construction process, and the construction is reasonably organized, so as to seek the fastest progress of the project, the best quality, the best mechanical performance and function, so as to achieve the highest economic and social benefits of the project. The quality of the project not only reflects the level of technical equipment, but also reflects the quality of construction personnel. In the past, the management cadres and operators in our technical team did not understand the machinery, and those who engaged in machinery did not understand the project, which brought difficulties to the construction mechanization, and even affected the progress and quality of the project. This situation needs to be reversed, so we must pay attention to the training of construction management personnel, technical personnel and operators as soon as possible in the construction, so that the designers, constructors, executors and operators of mechanized construction can cooperate scientifically.

前 言

道路、桥梁、水利、工业与民用建筑等均属于土木工程。土木工程建设多是国民经济的基础建设，对国民经济的发展具有重要的作用。
       工程建设包括勘测、规划、设计、施工几个阶段。其中施工阶段是将设计变成实物的阶段，是工程建设管理极为重要的阶段。我国工程采用承包制，承包者为了按合同规定的工期、工程质量和工程成本完成工程任务并获得更多的利润，除了靠具有精湛技术的施工队伍和先进的施工设备之外，还必须进行有效的施工管理。管理不能替代技术，但管理是管技术的，因而应高度重视管理。
       公路和桥梁工程施工机械化是指在整个工程项目的施工过程中，按照施工工艺流程，把各个工艺使用的机械设备和机具综合配套、顺序衔接，合理地组织施工，以谋求工程进度最快、质量最好、机械性能和作用发挥最佳，使经济效益和社会效益均取得最高的项目效果。工程质量的好坏，不仅反映技术装备水平的高低，同时也反映施工人员的素质。以前我们的技术队伍中管理干部和操作人员，搞工程的不懂机械，搞机械的不懂工程，这些都给施工机械化带来困难，甚至影响到工程进展和施工质量，这种状况需要扭转，所以在进行施工时必须及早抓好施工管理人员、技术人员及操作人员的培训工作， 使机械化施工的设计者、 施工者和任务的执行者、操作人员，能科学地配合。

With the deepening of China’s Reform and Open-up and the rapid economic development, China’s highway construction has entered a period of high-speed development, and the quality of highway engineering has attracted more and more attention from relevant departments and society. The relevant departments have repeatedly emphasized the importance of quality, repeatedly affirmed the significance of “responsibility is more important than Taishan” and “one hundred years plan and quality first”, and strengthens the management of all links in system to promote the healthy and orderly development of highway construction.

  Transportation economy is a comprehensive applied subject which studies the relationship between transportation and social economic development, the development of transportation market and the economic benefits of transportation enterprises. With the rapid development of different modes of transportation, the competition in the transportation market is becoming increasingly fierce. It is an important part of the knowledge system and ability structure of transportation majors to learn and master the basic theories and methods of transportation economy and analyze and solve the economic problems faced by transportation enterprises in reality.

  This book has referred a large number of domestic and foreign textbooks, monographs and related literature, and the author would like to express sincere thanks to the author of the reference. Because the teaching materials cover a lot of content, limited to the editors’ own practical experience and academic background, there are inevitably some shortcomings in the book, and experts and readers are welcome to criticize and correct.

前 言

随着我国改革开放的深入和经济的高速发展，我国的公路建设进入了高速发展时期，公路工程质量越来越受到有关部门和社会的广泛关注和重视。有关部门多次强调质量的重要性，反复申明“责任重于泰山”，“百年大计、质量第一”的意义，并从制度上强化各个环节的管理，以促进公路建设健康有序的发展。
       交通运输经济是一门研究交通运输与社会经济发展关系、交通运输市场发展与交通运输企业经济效益的综合性应用学科。随着不同运输方式的快速发展，运输市场竞争日益激烈，通过学习和掌握交通运输经济的基本理论与方法，分析解决现实中交通运输企业面临的经济问题，是交通运输专业学生知识体系和能力结构的重要组成部分。
       本书参阅了大量的国内外教材，专著和有关文献，在此谨向参考文献的作者致以真诚的谢意。由于教材涵盖的内容较多，限于编者自身的实践经验和学术功底，书中难免存在不足之处，恳请专家、读者批评指正。