Water conservancy projects play an important role in the allocation and regulation of water resources and the prevention of flood disasters. However, there are some problems in the construction and operation management of water conservancy projects in China, which hinder the development of water conservancy project benefits to a certain extent. In recent years, the state has paid more and more attention to water conservancy projects, with more and more investment and more new water conservancy projects. However, the construction management and operation management of water conservancy projects show
a serious imbalance of “separation of management and construction, reconstruction and pigging”. This requires the organic combination of water conservancy project construction management and operation management to achieve the combination of construction and management, so as to maximize the benefits of water conservancy project and realize the modern management of water conservancy project.
        Water conservancy project construction management is a more complex process, water conservancy project construction is more and more important, water conservancy project construction project management also needs to be constantly improved, developed and innovated. In the water conservancy construction project, the owner is the general organizer of the production process of the construction project, so the project management of the owner is the core of the management. When the owner manages the project, he must grasp it from the source, determine a set of scientific management concepts from the decision-making stage of the project, carefully select the management personnel at each stage and carry out a clear division of labor, so as to ensure the real implementation of various measures. This requires engineering and technical personnel to constantly learn to enrich themselves, in order to improve their quality and professional skills. So that the project in each stage of implementation has a relatively professional team to control the quality, progress and investment of the project, but also need to weigh the interests of all parties to maximize the interests.

前 言

水利工程在调配和调节水资源、防止洪涝灾害发生方面起着重要作用，但是我国水利工程建设和运行管理方面存在着一些问题，一定程度上阻碍着水利工程效益的发挥。近年来，国家对水利工程越来越重视，投资力度越来越大，新建水利工程项目越来越多，但是水利工程建设管理和运行管理却呈现出“管建分离，重建清管”的严重失调现象。这就需要将水利工程建设管理与运行管理进行有机结合，分实现建管结合，促使水利工程效益得到最大的发挥，进而实现水利工程的现代化管理。
       水利工程项目施工管理是一个比较复杂的过程，水利工程建设也越显重要，水利工程建设项目管理也需不断完善、发展和创新。在水利工程建设项目中，业主方是建设工程项目生产过程的总组织者因此业主方的项目管理是管理的核心，业主方在对项目进行管理时就必须从源头抓好，从项目的决策阶段就要确定好一套科学的管理理念，认真地挑选各个阶段的管理人员并进行明确的分工，保证各项措施得到真正落实。这就需要工程技术人员不断学习充实自己，以提高自己的素质和专业技能。从而使得项目在实行的各个阶段都有一个相对专业的队伍来对项目进行质量、进度和投资的管控，同时也需权衡各方的利益使得利益最大化。

In the market economy system, effective marketing strategy is an important means for enterprises to survive and develop rapidly, and it is also the key for enterprises to form core competitiveness in the market economy. This book analyzes the problems existing in China’s current power marketing, such as low service quality, lack of marketing management concept, unreasonable formation mechanism of electricity price, power supply service lagging behind users’ demand for electricity, etc. We need to change the marketing concept, strengthen the innovation of marketing concept and system, improve service quality, establish enterprise brand, strengthen publicity, vigorously develop the power market, implement the differentiated brand of power products, strengthen the marketing information management strategy of power enterprises, and formulate perfect marketing strategy for innovation.
         As a social power resource provider, power supply companies must adapt to the market economy and carry out marketing strategy innovation. Only in this way can power companies survive in the competition. At present, how to better carry out power marketing is an important issue that every power company must be concerned about. The author makes a deeper exploration on its strategy innovation.
      Power marketing plays an indispensable role in power enterprises. In order to make the power marketing complete and good operation, it is necessary to plan the power marketing systematically and constantly innovate and improve, so as to keep up with the pace of social development. As long as we have a clear understanding of the situation, change the concept of innovation, and fully mobilize the enthusiasm and creativity of the masses of workers, we can drive the growth of electricity consumption and achieve good economic and social benefits.

前 言

在市场经济体制下，有效的营销策略是企业生存以及迅速发展壮大的重要手段，也是企业在市场经济中形成核心竞争力的关键所在。对我国当前的电力营销的存在着服务质量不高、缺乏市场营销管理观念电价的形成机制不够合理，供电服务滞后于用户用电需求等问题进行分析。提出转变营销理念，加强营销观念和体制的创新，提升服务质量，树立企业品牌，加强宣传，大力开拓电力市场，实施电能产品的差异化品牌，加强电力企业的营销信息管理的策略，制定完善的营销策略加以创新。
        作为社会电力资源提供者， 供电公司也必须适应市场经济， 进行营销策略创新，只有这样，才能够使得电力公司在竞争中得以生存。目前如何更好的进行电力营销已经是每个电力公司必须关心的重要课题， 笔者对其策略创新进行更深层次的探索。
        电力营销在电力企业中有着不可或缺的地位。想要使电力营销完整良好的运行，就要对电力营销进行系统的筹划，不断地创新改进，这样才能跟得上社会发展的步伐。只要认清形势，转变革新的观念，充分调动职工群众的积极性和创造力，就能带动电力消费量的增长，取得良好的经济和社会效益。

With the national attention to agricultural economy, how to improve the quality of agricultural economic development has become one of the important contents of national economic development. From the actual development of China’s national economy, the agricultural economy occupies an important proportion and the development of agricultural economy is related to the overall development quality of the national economy. From the current development of agricultural economy, in order to improve the quality of agricultural economic development, it is necessary to make full use of rural resources. In addition to seriously analyzing the actual development situation of rural areas, it is also necessary to conduct in-depth research on the overall development status of agricultural economy. Through the analysis of the current situation of China’s agricultural economic development, we can see that circular economy has become a new mode of agricultural economic development, which has a huge role in promoting the agricultural economy and improving the overall development quality of agricultural economy. Therefore, we should pay enough attention to the circular development mode of agricultural economy, and actively seek innovation based on the existing development mode, so as to ensure the comprehensive development of agricultural economy and improve the development effect of agricultural economy.
      In the process of agricultural economic development, in order to improve the quality of agricultural economic development, we must seriously sum up the experience of agricultural economic development, actively innovate the development mode of agricultural economy, adopt the development mode of agricultural circular economy, improve the overall development quality of agricultural economy, form the effective use of agricultural resources, and ensure that the development quality and level of agricultural economy are effectively improved.

前 言

随着国家对农业经济的重视，如何提高农业经济发展质量，成为了国民经济发展的重要内容之一。从我国国民经济的发展实际来看，农业经济占有重要比重，农业经济发展与否关系到国民经济的整体发展质量。从目前农业经济的发展来看，要想提高农业经济的发展质量，就要对农村资源进行全面利用，除了要认真分析农村的实际发展形势以外，还要对农业经济的整体发展现状进行深入研究。通过对我国目前农业经济的发展现状分析后可知，循环经济成为了农业经济发展的新模式，对农业经济产生了巨大的推动作用，提升了农业经济的整体发展质量。为此，我们应对农业经济的循环发展模式引起足够的重视，并立足现有发展模式积极寻求创新，保证农业经济获取全面发展，提升农业经济的发展效果。
         在农业经济发展过程中，要想提高农业经济发展质量，就要认真总结农业经济发展经验，对农业经济发展模式进行积极创新，采用农业循环经济发展模式，提升农业经济的整体发展质量，形成对农业资源的有效利用，保证农业经济的发展质量和发展水平得到有效提升。

  Water is an indispensable and important material for human beings and all living things. It is also an irreplaceable and precious natural resource for industrial and agricultural production, economic development and environmental improvement. However, the shortage of water resources, flood disasters and water environment pollution are becoming increasingly serious, which forces human beings to pay attention to the protection and utilization of water resources and water environment. Water environment is one of the basic elements of the environment, is an important place for the survival and development of human society, and is also the most seriously disturbed and damaged area by human beings. At present, based on the evaluation of regional water resources, scientific researchers begin to study the rational planning, scientific management and effective protection of water resources from the perspective of optimizing the benefits of water resources system, so as to coordinate the water demand of water resources with the water resources carrying capacity of regional environment, and realize the sustainable utilization and coordinated development of water resources.
    This book mainly describes the related knowledge of hydrology and water resources, and introduces the development, management and protection of water environment. The development of national economy and the improvement of human living standards are restricted by the state of water resources. The reasonable development and utilization, effective protection and management of water resources is an important guarantee to maintain the sustainable utilization and virtuous cycle of water resources, and also the key to maintain social progress and sustainable development of national economy. In the past decade, the situation of water resources in the world has been deteriorating, the shortage of water resources is serious, and the contradiction between supply and demand has become increasingly prominent. The direct causes are the blind and disorderly development and utilization of water resources, the unreasonable layout of development and utilization projects, especially the uncontrolled expansion of exploitation and utilization, poor management, and ineffective protection measures. Effective and rational use of water resources, protection and management of water resources has become an important research topic in the field of world water resources research.

前 言

水是人类及一切生物赖以生存的不可缺少的重要物质，也是工农业生产、经济发展和环境改善不可替代的极为宝贵的自然资源。但目前水资源短缺、洪涝灾害、水环境污染等问题日益严重，这迫使人类必须重视水资源与水环境的保护与利用。水环境是构成环境的基本要素之一，是人类社会赖以生存和发展的重要场所，也是受人类干扰和破坏最严重的领域。当前科研人员在评价区域水资源的基础上，从水资源系统发挥的效益最佳化角度出发，开始研究水资源的合理规划、科学管理和有效保护，使水资源的用水需求尽量与区域环境的水资源承载能力相协调，实现水资源的可持续利用与协调发展。
        本文主要讲述了水文水资源的相关知识，介绍了水环境的开发、管理与保护的内容。国民经济的发展和人类生活水平的提高受水资源状态的制约。水资源的合理开发利用、有效保护与管理是维持水资源可持续利用、良性循环的重要保证，也是维持社会进步、国民经济可持续发展的关键所在。近十几年来，世界范围内水资源状况不断恶化，水资源短缺严重，供需矛盾日益突出，产生的直接原因是盲目和无序地开发利用水资源， 开发利用工程布置不合理， 尤其是无节制地扩大开采利用量、管理不善、保护措施不力。有效合理地利用水资源、保护和管理水资源成为世界水资源研究领域的重要研究课题。

Water resource is a very important and special natural resource. It is an indispensable precious resource for human beings and all living things. It is an important condition to support the normal operation of life system and non life environment system. At the same time, it is also an important natural resource and material basis for the economic construction and social development of a country or region. If there is less water or no water, it will not be able to maintain the vitality of the earth and the ecological and biological diversity, and it will not be able to carry out various social and economic activities. Therefore, the abundant and dry water resources and the development and utilization of water resources affect the economic development and ecological balance of a region to a great extent, and the sustainable development of water resources is one of the components of the sustainable development of the whole society.
      The sustainable development of water resources refers to the sharing of water resources not only with the present era, but also with future generations. It is not only the sharing of water resources by people, but also the sharing of water resources by people and the environment. It is an important guarantee to realize the sustainable development of water resources to reasonably and comprehensively consider the relationship among water resources, social economy and ecological environment, and reasonably allocate water resources.
    Environment, including natural environment and human environment. Natural environment, composed of biosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere, is the necessary geological condition for people's survival and development, and the sum of various natural factors around human beings. Human activities have a great impact on geology and environment, especially a series of reactions caused by over exploitation of groundwater. This book analyzes and discusses this.

前 言

水资源是一种十分重要而又特殊的自然资源，是人类和一切生物赖以生存的不可缺少的一种宝贵资源，是支撑生命系统、非生命环境系统正常运转的重要条件，同时也是一个国家或地区经济建设和社会发展的重要自然资源和物质基础。如果缺水或无水，将无法维持地球的生命力和生态、生物的多样性，将无法开展各项社会经济活动，因此，水资源的丰枯以及开发利用情况在很大程度上影响着一个地区的经济发展与生态平衡， 水资源的可持续发展是整个社会可持续发展的组成部分之一。
       水资源的可持续发展， 指水资源不仅要实现当今时代的共享， 还要与后代共享，不仅是人对水资源的共享，还有人与环境对水资源的共享，合理全面考虑水资源、社会经济和生态环境之间的关系，进行水资源的合理配置，是实现水资源可持续发展的重要保证。
       环境，包括自然环境和人类环境。自然环境，由生物圈、大气圈、水圈和岩石圈组成， 是人们赖以生存和发展的必要地质条件， 是人类周围各种自然因素的总和。人类活动对地质与环境产生了非常大的影响，尤其对地下水的过度开发所引起的一系列反应。本书对此展开分析与探讨。