Medical laboratory technology is to examine the patient’s blood, body fluids, secretions, excreta and sloughs through visual observation, physical, chemical, instrumental or molecular biological methods. It emphasizes the implementation of strict quality management measures during the whole inspection process (before analysis, during analysis, and after analysis), to ensure the quality of the inspection; thereby provide valuable laboratory data for patients. The clinician performs a systematic and thorough physical examination based on the test results or data, combined with the detailed and complete medical history collected, using the data from the above experiments, and then using other auxiliary examinations selected under different causes (such as X-ray, electrocardiogram, ultrasound, isotope, Endoscopy, etc.), scientific thinking and logical analysis to provide objective basis for preventive health care, disease diagnosis, treatment, scientific research accumulation, etc. This is diagnostics. The purpose of diagnosis is achieved through experimental methods, which is called experimental diagnosis. In recent years, with the development of basic medicine, clinical medicine, and bioengineering, medical testing has realized the four modernizations, namely, Total Laboratory Automation (TLA), diversification of reagents, standardization of inspection methods, and rapid bedside inspection, in order to push the development of medical laboratory towards the direction of high theory, high technology and high level. Therefore, at present, the world combines inspection and diagnosis together to form “Laboratory Medicine”.
  Laboratory medicine is an applied discipline that based on multiple disciplines such as biology, biochemistry, pathology, microbiology, immunology, and molecular biology and serves for clinical disciplines. Many laboratory medicine organizations in Europe, the United States, and Japan have established many institutes of clinical chemistry and clinical microbiology in the name of Clinical Pathology. In addition to the participation of technical personnel, there are also a certain number of chemistry, toxicology, microbiology and clinicians participating in laboratory technology, quality management, development of new projects, and scientific research. With the rapid development of science and technology (such as informatics and microcomputer technology), the relationships among disciplines have become increasingly close, and disciplines correlate with each other, resulting in many new disciplines, such as immunohematology and immunochemistry. We have reasons to believe that laboratory medicine will enter a new period of rapid development in the future.

前 言

医学检验（临床检验）（Clinical Laboratory Technology）是将病人的血液、体液、分泌物、排泄物和脱落物等标本，通过目视观察、物理、化学、仪器或分子生物学方法检测，并强调对检验全过程（分析前、分析中、分析后）采取严密质量管理措施以确保检验质量；从而为临床、为病人提供有价值的实验资料。临床医师根据检验结果或数据，结合他所采集的详细完整病史，进行系统周密的体格检查，运用上述实验的资料，再利用在不同病因下选择的其他辅助检查（如 X 线、心电图、超声波、同位素、内窥镜等）所提供的结果，进行科学思维及逻辑性分析，为预防保健、疾病诊断、治疗、科研积累等提供客观依据，这就是诊断学。通过实验方法达到诊断目的，即称实验诊断。近年来，随着基础医学、临床医学、生物工程学等发展， 医学检验实现了四化， 即全实验室自动化（Total Laboratory Automation， TLA） 、试剂多样化、检查方法标准化、床边检查快速化，促使医学检验朝着高理论、高科技、 高水平方向发展。 因此， 目前全球将检验与诊断结合， 形成“检验医学”（LaboratoryMedicine）。
      检验医学是一门以生物学、生物化学、病理学、微生物学、免疫学与分子生物学等多专业为基础，面向临床各科的多学科结合的应用学科。欧、美、日不少检验医学组织以临床病理（Clinical Pathology）命名，成立临床化学、临床微生物学研究所。除技术人员参加外，还有一定数量的化学、毒理、微生物及临床医师共同参与检验技术、质量管理、开发新项目、科研等工作。随着科学技术（如信息学、微机技术）的迅猛发展，各学科间关系日趋紧密，学科之间相互交叉渗透，产生不少新的学科，如免疫血液学、免疫化学等。我们有理由深信，检验医学在今后必将进入快速发展的新时期。

With the rapid development of computer network technology, it has become an important factor to promote social development and improve the quality of network development. From the current development of computer network technology, computer network technology is developing towards intelligent and efficient direction. Based on the advantages of computer network technology, the application of computer network technology is gradually expanding; at present, computer network technology has been applied in many fields. In order to ensure the positive application effect of computer network technology, we should study its application as well as its characteristics and
analyze its specific application.
  At present, computer network technology has made important applications in various fields of society, and has increasingly become an important driving force for social development. Based on the advantages of computer network technology, it is necessary for us to deeply explore the application of computer network technology. From the current development of computer network technology, the development of computer network technology starts from the filed of practical application. It has obvious application characteristics and its premise is always to meet the needs of practical application. Therefore, in order to obtain the application of computer network technology, it is necessary to combine with the application field of computer network technology to analyze the advantages of computer network technology and ensure the technology can be fully applied.

前 言

随着计算机网络技术的快速发展，计算机网络技术已经成为了促进社会发展，提高网络发展质量的重要因素。从目前计算机网络技术的发展来看，计算机网络技术正朝着智能化、高效化方向发展。基于计算机网络技术的诸多优点，计算机网络技术的应用领域正在逐步扩大，目前计算机网络技术已经在多个领域取得了重要应用。为了保证计算机网络技术取得积极的应用效果，因此我们应对计算机网络技术应用进行深入研究，研究计算机网络技术的特点，并对计算机网络技术的具体应用进行分析。
      目前来看，计算机网络技术已经在社会的各个领域取得了重要应用，并日益成为社会发展的重要推动力量。基于计算机网络技术的优点，我们有必要对计算机网络技术的应用进行深入探讨。从当前计算机网络技术的发展来看，计算机网络技术的发展都是从实际应用的领域出发的，带有明显的应用特征并且都是以满足实际应用需要为前提。因此，要想取得计算机网络技术的应用，就要结合计算机网络技术的应用领域，重点分析计算机网络技术的优点，保证计算机网络技术能够得到全面应用。

With the rapid development of the globalization of information, people’s life and work have been becoming more and more intelligent. Computer science and technology plays an important role in the production and life of modern society; it also connects inseparably with the study and life of the public. Computer application technology has the characteristics of wide, professional and open, and now has become an important tool for information collection, processing, integration and application. With the rapid growth of information age, computer science and technology plays a more important and accurate role, pointing out the direction of the development of society. The application of computer science and technology is now the focus in various industries. In this context, the good application effect of computer science and technology will be more prominent.
  The information age as a concept has several different interpretations. From one perspective, the development and application of computer technology is the starting point of the information age and the development process of computer science and technology is exactly the process of the development of the information age. The relationship between them is mutual and closely connected. The information age offers a friendly environment for the development of computer science and technology, which makes the important position of computer science technology in the modern society be reflected. The proposing of the big data, cloud computing and other computer technology makes all walks of life be more aware of the importance of information technology and computer science and technology. But at the same time, computer science and technology is also facing severe challenges, which puts forward more strict requirements for the function of computer technology. If computer technology cannot be continuously innovated, it cannot meet the development needs of the times. Therefore, we should increase the frequency of the update of computer science and technology and keep innovating to satisfy the development needs of the information age. The author writes this book from the angle of computer science and technology and application experiment hoping to provide help for the readers.

前 言

随着信息全球化的快速发展，人们的生活和工作越来越智能化。其中，计算机科学技术在现代社会的生产和生活中占有非常重要的地位，公众的学习和生活与计算机科学技术密不可分。计算机科学技术在现代社会的生产和生活中占有非常重要的地位，公众的学习和生活与计算机科学技术密不可分。计算机应用技术具有广泛性、专业性、开放性的特点，已成为信息采集、处理、集成和应用的重要工具。随着信息时代的快速发展，计算机科学技术发挥着更加重要和准确的作用，为社会的发展指明了前进方向，计算机科学技术的应用是各行业关注的热点，在此背景下计算机科学技术良好的应用效果将更加凸显。
       信息时代作为一个概念具有多种解释，从一种角度来看，计算机技术的发展和应用是信息时代的起点，而计算机科学技术的发展过程恰恰也是信息时代发展的过程，两者之间的关系是相互的、密切联系的。信息时代为计算机科学技术的发展提供了良好的环境，使得计算机科学技术在现代社会的重要地位得以体现。大数据、云计算等的提出使得各行各业更加认识到信息技术和计算机科学技术的重要性。但与此同时，计算机科学技术也面临着严峻的挑战，对计算机技术的功能提出了更加严格的要求，若不能不断创新，计算机技术则无法满足时代的发展需要。因此，要加大计算机科学技术的更新换代频率，不断创新，满足信息时代的发展要求。编者从计算机科学技术与应用试验角度出发，编写本书，希望能为广大读者提供帮助。

On the basis of psychology, mathematics, informatics and other knowledge, artificial intelligence has been developed, which can summarize and analyze the laws of human activities in society. Big data is based on massive information, after scientific summary and classification, it can predict what may happen. The application of big data in artificial intelligence is mainly to realize the transformation from data to knowledge and promote the further improvement of technology.
  The development of intelligent home, intelligent power plant and intelligent design indicates that artificial intelligence has entered all aspects of social life and industrial production. Artificial intelligence provides strong support for human development. Moreover, the personalized requirements of art design are constantly improved, and designers can not fully rely on individuals to meet the requirements of human art, which requires continuous promotion of technology development to meet the diversified needs. The intervention of artificial intelligence in the field of art design is increasing. Especially the rapid development of artificial intelligence makes art design appear in front of us in many forms.

前 言

在心理学、数学、信息学等各种知识的基础上人工智能得到了发展，其能够对于社会中的各种人类活动规律进行总结分析；大数据是基于海量的信息条件下工作的，经过科学的总结和分类，对于可能发生的事情进行预测，大数据在人工智能中的应用主要是实现数据到知识的转化，促进技术的进一步完善。

智能家居、智能电厂、智能设计的发展标志着人工智能已经进入社会生活与工业生产的方方面面，人工智能为人类发展提供了有力支持。而且人们对艺术设计的个性化要求不断提高，设计师已经无法完全依靠个人努力满足人类对艺术的要求，这就需要不断推动技术的发展以满足多样化需求。人工智能在艺术设计领域的介入正在不断增加，特别是人工智能的高速发展使得艺术设计可以通过多种形式呈现在我们前。

In the 21st century, material science is developing vigorously; new materials and new technologies emerge endlessly, which greatly promote the development of science and technology and national economy. It is very important for engineering students to have a proper understanding of the direction of modern materials development.
  Machinery is manufactured. Due to the different types of machinery and equipment in all walks of life, mechanical manufacturing involves a wide range of areas. Metallurgy, construction, water conservancy, machinery, electronics, information, transportation, agriculture and other industries need the support of manufacturing industry. Metallurgy industry needs smelting and rolling equipment; construction industry needs tower crane, excavator, bulldozer and other engineering machinery. Manufacturing industry has always occupied an important position in China. In the 1950s, the machinery industry was divided into eight sectors: general, nuclear, aviation, electronics, ordnance, shipbuilding, aerospace and agriculture. In the 21st century, the world is undergoing extremely extensive and profound changes, and the machinery manufacturing industry affected by it has also undergone earthshaking changes. However, no matter how the world changes, machinery manufacturing industry has always been the basic industry of the national economy, and its development directly affects the development of all sectors of the national economy.
  In the compilation of this book, we have consulted a large number of domestic and foreign teaching materials, treatises and other literature materials. Due to the limited space, they will not be listed one by one. Sincere thanks would be expressed to the authors of these literature. At the same time, due to the editor's limited level and ability, there are inevitable mistakes and omissions in the book. We sincerely hope that experts, scholars and readers can criticize and correct them, so as to further improve them in the future. 

前 言

进入 21 世纪，材料科学蓬勃发展，新材料、新技术层出不穷，极大地推动了科学技术和国民经济的发展。适当地了解现代材料的发展方向对于工科学生具有极其重要的意义。
       机械是制造出来的，由于各行各业的机械设备不同、种类繁多，因此机械制造
的涉及面非常广，冶金、建筑、水利、机械、电子、信息、运载和农业等各个行业都要有制造业的支持，冶金行业需要冶炼、轧制设备；建筑行业需要塔吊、挖掘机和推土机等工程机械。制造业在我国一直占据重要地位，在 20 世纪 50 年代，机械工业就分为通用、核能、航空、电子、兵器、船舶、航天和农业等八个部门。进入21 世纪，世界正在发生极其广泛和深刻的变化，随之牵动的机械制造业也发生了翻天覆地的变化。但是，不管世界如何变化，机械制造业一直是国民经济的基础产业，它的发展直接影响到国民经济各部门的发展。
      在本书的编写过程中，我们参阅了大量国内外教材和论著等文献资料，由于篇幅有限，恕不一一列出，在此对这些文献的作者一并表示诚挚的谢意。同时，由于编者水平和能力有限，书中难免存在错误与遗漏，我们诚恳地希望各位专家、学者和广大读者批评指正，以便今后进一步完善。