Urban rail transit is an important part of public transport system in urban infrastructure. From the perspective of the practice of urbanization process in various countries, rail transit has become the main urban transport tool in developed countries and regions by virtue of its technical advantages of large volume, fast speed, safety, reliability, punctuality and comfort, which is popular with citizens. In our country, Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Chongqing, Shenzhen and other cities also have a considerable scale of rail transit lines. Rail transit has gradually become the preferred means of transportation for residents to travel, and has become the main means for the government to implement the “public transport priority” policy. Vigorously developing urban rail transit has become the general consensus of the government and the public.
    The construction and operation of urban rail transit can promote the development of industry, transportation, real estate and other related industries, stimulate employment, promote the appreciation of land along the way, expand the urban development space, and have obvious external economy. Moreover, with the social development, population growth, road network expansion and service level improvement, urban rail transit will attract more passenger flow and its affiliated operation assets have great potential for appreciation. At the same time, the urban rail transit network has the attribute of scale economic circle, and the radiation influence scope covers most areas and surrounding areas in the network. When urban rail transit forms network operation, as a comprehensive network platform, other kinds of networks (such as transportation network, service network, business network, etc.) can be included in it. The strong aggregation and release effect of rail transit network makes the resources and services such as passenger flow, logistics, capital flow and information flow in the network circulate rapidly in all regions of the city and even among cities, changes the consumption, life and production mode of the society, and has a profound impact on the economic operation of the city.
   Because of its social and economic attributes, urban rail transit has become the focus of urban transport development strategy, and also regarded as the backbone of urban transport system. Therefore, the Chinese government proposes the policy of “scientifically formulating the technical route of urban rail transit, standardizing the construction standards, orderly promoting the construction of urban rail transit networks such as light rail, subway and tram”, and lists urban rail transit equipment as a strategic emerging industry innovation and development project. In the development process of urban rail transit, many innovative technologies and advanced construction and management methods have emerged, which effectively solve the practical problems in urban rail transit planning, construction, operation and management, and also promote the establishment of China’s urban rail transit policies, regulations and standards system.
   Because the new technology of urban rail transit involves many contents, the length and content of teaching materials are limited, the compilation time is relatively short and the level of compilers is limited, there are inevitably some defects in the organization of the content structure of the book and the selection of literature materials. Peers, experts and readers at home and abroad are welcome to criticize and correct it.

前 言

城市轨道交通是城市基础设施中公共交通系统的重要组成部分。从各国城市化进程的实践来看，轨道交通凭借运量大、速度快、安全可靠、准点舒适等技术优势，在发达国家和地区成为主要的城市交通工具，备受市民欢迎。我国北京、上海、广州、重庆、深圳等城市也拥有相当规模的轨道交通线路，轨道交通现已逐步成为居民出行的首选交通工具，也成为政府推行“公交优先”政策的主要手段，大力发展城市轨道交通已成为政府和民众的普遍共识。
  城市轨道交通的建设及运营能促进工业、运输、房地产等相关产业的发展，刺激就业，促进沿途土地升值，拓展城市发展空间，具有明显的外部经济性，而且随着社会发展、人口增加、路网扩大以及服务水平的提高，城市轨道交通将吸引更多的客流，其附属的经营性资产具有巨大的升值潜力。同时，城市轨道交通网络具有规模经济圈的属性，辐射影响范围覆盖网内大部分区域和周边区域。当城市轨道交通形成网络化运营后，作为综合性的网络平台可将其他各种网络（如交通运输网、服务网、商贸网等）都载于其间。轨道交通网络强大的聚集和释放效应使网内的客流、物流、资金流、信息流等资源和服务在城市各区域乃至城市间快速流通，改变社会的消费、生活和生产方式，对城市经济运行产生深远影响。
  城市轨道交通由于自身所具备的社会属性和经济属性，使之成为城市交通发展战略的重点，同时也被视为城市交通体系的骨干力量。因此，我国政府提出“科学制定城市轨道交通技术路线，规范建设标准，有序推进轻轨、地铁、有轨电车等城市轨道交通网络建设”的政策，并将城市轨道交通装备列为战略性新兴产业创新发展工程。在城市轨道交通的发展过程中，涌现了很多创新技术及先进施工、管理方法，有效地解决了城市轨道交通规划建设、运营和管理中的实际问题，也促进了我国城市轨道交通政策、法规和标准体系的建立。
  由于城市轨道交通新技术涉及内容较多，而教材篇幅内容有限，加之编写时间比较紧，且编写人员水平有限，在全书内容结构的组织及文献材料的取舍方面，难免有不妥之处，敬请国内外同行、专家及各位读者批评指正。

With the continuous development of the economy, market competition has become increasingly fierce. In enterprise operation, accounting management is an important part. Accounting management has an important impact on the development of the enterprise. In the development of enterprises, the traditional accounting management system is backward, and it has not been able to adapt well to the development needs of the market. Therefore, in order to develop better, enterprises need to strengthen their own accounting management, better enhance the competitiveness of enterprises, and promote the development of enterprises.
      However, in the face of fierce competition, enterprises must pay attention to enterprise management in order to survive and develop. Because the level of financial management directly affects the level of enterprise management, which in turn affects the quality of the company’s economic benefits. Therefore, it is of great significance to optimize financial management and explore the functions of financial management for promoting the economic benefits of enterprises.
    This book will give a certain explanation through accounting management, financial management innovation, enterprise financial management in the context of e-commerce, evaluation of enterprise financial management capabilities, China’s tax management model, tax management integration, tax management in the context of e-commerce, etc.

前 言

随着经济的不断发展，市场竞争越来越激烈。在企业经营中，财会管理是重要组成部分，财会管理对于企业的发展具有重要影响。在企业的发展中，传统的财会管理制度落后，已经不能很好的适应市场的发展需要，所以企业为了能够更好的发展，需要加强自身财会管理，更好的提升企业的竞争力，促进企业的发展。

然而，目前面对激烈的竞争，企业要想求得生存、获得发展必须重视企业管理，因为财务管理水平高低直接影响到企业管理的水平高低，进而影响到企业经济效益的好坏。因此，优化财务管理，挖掘财务管理各功能，对于促进企业经济效益具有重要意义。
  本书将通过对财会管理、财务管理创新、电子商务环境下的企业财务管理、企业财务管理能力评价、我国税收管理模式、税收管理一体化、电子商务环境下的税收管理等方面进行一定的阐述。

At present, the main construction method used in China’s construction industry is on-site construction. This traditional construction method relies on rich and cheap labor force, with high labor intensity and disordered site management. It is an extensive construction method, which will consume a lot of energy and cause serious environmental pollution. Prefabricated building is a new type of building in this year, which is characterized by prefabricated components assembled on site. Because of the fast construction speed, labor saving and quality assurance of prefabricated buildings, more and more attention has been paid by the industry, and has made great progress. With the implementation of China’s sustainable development strategy, the advantages of traditional buildings no longer exist. Because of the advantages of prefabricated building, it has a broad development space. At the same time, the assembly building can effectively use BIM, PCA technology, ISM theory, and achieve the effect of rapid transformation of several kinds of cutting-edge technology into output value. At the same time, because of
its advantages and advancements, prefabricated buildings have been greatly supported by the state and regions, and have become the most potential architectural form. It is the only way for sustainable development, transformation and upgrading of China’s construction industry to develop prefabricated buildings.
    The book “Construction Technology of Prefabricated Building Engineering” first introduces the assembly building at home and abroad, and then puts forward some problems about the assembly building construction, including the analysis of construction technology and construction key and difficult problems, as well as solutions and innovation, and some discussions on the technical work of assembly building in China, such as the problems and dilemmas in construction technology , as well as new planning and problems raised in project management, etc. The book has a wide range of topics. If there are omissions or mistakes, we hope readers and friends to give feedback for us to exchange thought and learning together.

前 言

目前，我国建筑行业主要采用的施工方式是现场施工。这种传统的施工方式依赖于丰富而廉价的劳动力，劳动强度大，现场管理混乱，是一种粗放型的施工方式，会消耗大量的能源，还会对环境造成严重的污染。装配式建筑则是今年来新兴的一类建筑，其特点是建筑由预制构件在现场装配而成。由于装配式建筑的建造速度快节约劳动力，质量有保证，因此，装配式建筑越来越得到业界的重视，并有了长足的发展。随着我国可持续发展战略的实施，传统建筑的优势已经不复存在。而装配式建筑的优点， 使其具有广阔的发展空间。 同时装配式建筑可以有效使用 BIM、 PCA技术、 ISM 理论，实现前沿技术快速几类转化为产值的效果。同时，装配式建筑由于其优越性和先进之处，得到国家和各地区的大力扶持，已经成为最具有发展潜力的一种建筑形式。大力发展装配式建筑是我国建筑产业可持续发展及转型升级发展的必由之路。
 《装配式建筑施工技术》这本书首先对国内外的装配式建筑做了简要介绍，再提出了关于装配式建筑建设的一些问题，包括施工技术和施工重难点问题分析，以及解决措施和创新，还有针对我国装配式建筑的技术工作方面的一些探讨，譬如提到了施工技术中遇到的问题和困境，以及在工程管理中提出的新的规划和问题等等，话题比较广，如果有出现疏漏或者错误的地方望广大读者朋友进行反馈，以供我们共同交流学习。

With the requirements of the industrialization of the construction industry, many developed countries in the world have put the building components in the factory production in advance, it just needs assembly and installation in the field. Obviously, this fast and efficient assembly construction technology has become an important symbol of the modernization of the construction industry. In China, the disadvantages of cast-in-place structure system are gradually revealed for the booming construction market. In the face of these construction problems, our country draws lessons from the successful experience of foreign construction industrialization, set off a boom of assembly construction industrialization in the construction industry, and make its development enter a new field, which will promote the great change of production mode in the construction industry.
    Assembly building has its own fast construction speed, strong anti-interference, and can save more social labor. But at present, the management system of assembly building is not perfect, the construction technology is not comprehensive, and the advantages of assembly building can not be effectively played in the actual construction process. Therefore, it is necessary to plan reasonably, strengthen the supervision and quality assurance of the construction process, and use scientific methods to establish a perfect management system, remove its shortcomings, give full play to its advantages, and speed up the development of prefabricated buildings.
     This book will discuss the sustainable development of prefabricated buildings, the impact of prefabricated buildings on the transformation of the construction industry, the construction of prefabricated buildings, the technology of prefabricated concrete, the green construction of prefabricated concrete structures, the application of BIM Technology in prefabricated buildings, and the project management of prefabricated buildings.

前 言

随着建筑行业工业化的要求，世界上许多发达国家都把建筑的构件提前在工厂生产，只是在现场装配化组合安装。显然，这种快捷高效的装配式施工技术已经成为建筑产业现代化的重要标志。在我国，对于日益蓬勃发展的建筑市场，现浇结构体系所存在的弊端逐渐显露出来。面对这些建筑问题，我国借鉴国外建筑工业化的成功经验，在建筑行业掀起了一股装配式建筑工业化的热潮，使其发展进入一个全新的领域，这将促进建筑行业生产方式的巨大变革。
  装配式建筑自身具有较快的建造速度，抗干扰性较强，能够节约较多的社会劳动力，但是目前装配式建筑工程管理体系还不够完善，施工技术不全面，不能在实际施工过程中将装配式建筑的优势有效发挥。因此，必须合理规划，加强施工过程的监督与质量保证，并运用科学的方法建立完善的管理体系，去除其存在的弊端，发挥其优势，加快装配式建筑的发展。
  本书将通过对装配式建筑的可持续发展、装配式建筑对建筑业转型的影响、预制装配式建筑施工、 预制装配式混凝土技术、 预制装配式混凝土结构绿色施工、 BIM技术在装配式建筑中的应用、装配式建筑的工程项目管理等方面进行一定的论述。

The emergence of cities is a sign of the progress of society and human civilization. A large number of social material wealth, human wisdom and ancient and modern civilization are concentrated in the city, which is the embodiment of modern spiritual civilization and material civilization. Like anything else, the emergence and development of a city is a mutually contradictory unity. With the rapid development of urban process and the high innovation of science and technology, the following negative effects are increasingly affecting people’s life and even health. For example, air pollution, water pollution, garbage pollution, land subsidence, noise pollution, light pollution, etc. The human environment of the city, such as the construction of the city, the shortage of water resources, the shortage of energy, the expansion of the city’s population, the congestion of traffic, the shortage of housing, the shortage of land, the pollution of the city’s scenic tourism resources, the destruction of the characteristics of the famous city and other problems have seriously hindered the normal exertion of social, economic and environmental functions and brings harm to people’s physical and mental health. Therefore, at the stage of rapid development of urbanization, environmental problems become the key to urban development. It is our duty to improve and beautify the environment. It is the aim of urban landscape ecology to research the relationship between urban environment and garden plants.

Urban environment is a unique artificial environment established by human beings on the basis of natural environment. Because the interaction between urban population and urban environment (biological and non biological elements) forms a complex network system, the comprehensive form of urban system, the network structure and functional relationship formed by the interaction between urban human activities and its surrounding environment in the specific space of the city, from the perspective of ecology angle can also be called urban ecosystem. Relevant experts believe that the 21st century is an ecological century, that is, human society will gradually move from an industrialized society to an ecological society. In a sense, the next round of international competition is actually the competition of ecological environment. In terms of a city, which city has a good ecological environment can better attract talents, funds and materials, and be in a competitive position. Therefore, the construction of ecological city has become the focus of the next round of urban competition. Many cities take the construction of ecological city, garden city, landscape city and green city as their goal and development mode, which is a wise move and a realistic choice. This vigorously promotes the construction of ecological city, which is not only the inevitable requirement to comply with the law of urban evolution, but also the need to promote the sustainable, rapid and healthy development of the city. To improve the overall quality of the city, the market competitiveness and image at home and abroad, to beautify the urban environment and purify the environment in the process of urban construction and development, it is imperative to build an ecological garden city .

前 言

城市的产生是社会和人类文明进步的标志。城市中集中了大量社会物质财富、人类智慧和古今文明，是现代精神文明和物质文明的体现。和其他任何事物一样，城市的产生和发展也是相辅相成互相矛盾的统一体。随着城市进程的迅猛发展，科学技术的高度创新， 随之而来的负面影响也越来越多地影响着人们的生活甚至健康。如城市的大气污染、水污染、垃圾污染、地面沉降、噪音污染、光污染等，城市的人文环境如城市的建设、水资源短缺、能源紧张，城市的人口膨胀、交通拥挤、住宅短缺、土地紧张以及城市的风景旅游资源被污染、名城特色被破坏等问题都严重阻碍了城市所具有的社会、经济和环境功能的正常发挥，给人们的身心健康带来危害。因而，城市化高速发展的阶段，环境问题成为城市发展的关键所在。改善和美化环境是我们的职责， 研究城市环境与园林植物的关系成为城市园林生态学的宗旨。

城市环境是人类在自然环境基础上建立的独特人工环境，由于城市人口与城市环境（生物要素和非生物要素）相互作用形成复杂的网络系统，因而在城市的特定空间里，城市体系的综合形态，城市人类活动与其周围环境相互作用形成的网络结构和功能关系，从生态学角度又可称为城市生态系统。有关专家认为， 21 世纪是生态世纪，即人类社会将从工业化社会逐步迈向生态化社会。从某种意义上讲，下一轮的国际竞争实际上是生态环境的竞争。从一个城市来说，哪个城市生态环境好，就能更好地吸引人才、资金和物资，处于竞争的有利地位。因此，建设生态城市已成为下一轮城市竞争的焦点。许多城市把建设生态城市、花园城市、山水城市、绿色城市作为奋斗目标和发展模式，这是明智之举，更是现实选择。大力提倡建设生态型城市，这既是顺应城市演变规律的必然要求，也是推进城市持续快速健康发展的需要。提升城市的整体素质、国内外的市场竞争力和形象，在城市建设和发展过程中美化城市环境、净化环境，建设生态园林城市势在必行。